Criminal Defense of Immigrants
Chapter
Detailed Table of Contents
- Acknowledgements
- TOC Detailed Table of Contents
- Preface
- Table of Abbreviations
- § 1 Introduction
- §1.1 I. Introduction
- §1.2 A. The Problem
- §1.3 B. Scope of the Book
- §1.4 1. What is Included
- §1.5 2. What is Not Included
- §1.6 C. Special Aspects of Representing Noncitizen Defendants
- §1.7 D. A Note on Terminology
- §1.8 II. How to Use This Book
- §1.9 A. Clients
- §1.10 B. Immigration Counsel
- §1.11 1. Before Conviction
- §1.12 2. After Conviction
- §1.13 a. In Immigration Court
- §1.14 b. Seeking Post-Conviction Relief
- §1.15 C. Criminal Counsel
- §1.16 1. Before Conviction
- §1.17 2. After Conviction
- §1.18 D. Caveats
- §1.19 1. Necessity to Doublecheck the Solutions
- §1.20 2. Necessity to Cooperate With Other Counsel
- §1.21 III. Outline of the Text
- §1.22 A. Part I: Criminal Proceedings
- §1.23 1. Chronological Approach
- §1.24 2. Chapters
- §1.25 3. Reserved Chapters
- §1.26 B. Part II: Immigration Consequences of Crimes
- §1.27 C. Appendices
- § 2 3 Reasons to Protect Our Clients' Immigration Status
- §2.1 I. Introduction: 3 Reasons to Protect Our Clients' Immigration Status
- §2.2 II. It Is In Our Clients' Interest
- §2.3 A. Summary
- §2.4 B. Damaging Immigration Consequences of a Criminal Case
- §2.5 C. Immigration Detention is Often Mandatory
- §2.6 D. No 1 Slips Through the Cracks Any More
- §2.7 1. Immigration Detainees
- §2.8 2. Federal and State Prisoners Subject to Removal
- §2.9 3. Deportations on Criminal Grounds
- §2.10 E. Anxiety and Emotional Distress
- §2.11 F. Family Tragedy
- §2.12 G. Permanence of Damage
- §2.13 H. Illegal Re-Entry Exposure
- §2.14 I. Immigration Effects Often More Important Than Criminal Penalty
- §2.15 III. If We Don't Do It in Criminal Court, Very Often No 1 Can, and It's Difficult or Impossible to Recover From a Mistake
- §2.16 A. Summary
- §2.17 B. Deportation is Often Mandatory
- §2.18 C. Discretionary Relief May be Unavailable
- §2.19 D. The Client May be Unable to Afford a Defense in Immigration Court
- §2.20 E. The Client May be Unable to Tolerate Immigration Custody
- §2.21 F. Post-Conviction Relief May be Impossible, Prohibitively Expensive, or Too Slow
- §2.22 IV. It is Part of Our Job as Criminal Lawyers, and It is In Our Interest to Do a Good Job
- §2.23 A. Summary
- §2.24 B. It's the Right Thing to Do: Ethical Considerations
- §2.25 1. We Must Decline Representation if We Lack Necessary Learning
- §2.26 2. We Cannot Limit the Scope of Representation Without Obtaining the Client's Informed Consent
- §2.27 3. In Any Event, We Must Establish the Citizenship of Each Client
- §2.28 C. Courts Expect Us To Do It
- §2.29 D. The Standards of Our Profession Require it
- §2.30 1. During the Initial Interview
- §2.31 2. During Plea Negotiations
- §2.32 3. Before Sentencing
- §2.33 4. During Sentencing
- §2.34 E. State Statutes Require Advice of Possible Immigration Consequences
- §2.35 F. Professional Literature Urges Us to Do So
- §2.36 G. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
- §2.37 1. Duty to Investigate and Use Mitigating Facts
- §2.38 2. Duty Not to Give Affirmative Misadvice
- §2.39 3. Duty to Advise
- §2.40 4. Duty to Defend Against Collateral Consequences
- §2.41 H. It Is In Our Own Interest to Defend Our Clients Against Immigration Disaster
- §2.42 V. Conclusion: What Should We do?
- §2.43 A. In General
- §2.44 B. 5 Simple Steps
- §2.45 1. Citizenship
- §2.46 2. Investigation
- §2.47 3. Consultation
- §2.48 4. Negotiation or Litigation
- §2.49 5. Saying Goodbye
- §2.50 C. Resources
- § 3 Investigation
- §3.1 I. Investigating the Case
- §3.2 A. In General
- §3.3 B. The Timing of the Case
- §3.4 C. Dealing With Bias Against Noncitizens
- §3.5 II. Interviewing the Client
- §3.6 A. Preparation
- §3.7 1. Special Considerations
- §3.8 2. Non English Speaking Clients
- §3.9 3. Basic Goals
- §3.10 4. Client's Culture
- §3.11 B. Client Interview
- §3.12 1. Basic Immigration Status Questionnaire
- §3.13 2. Screening for U.S. Citizenship
- §3.14 a. Born in the United States
- §3.15 b. Born to U.S. Citizen Parent(s) Abroad (Acquired Citizenship)
- §3.16 c. Naturalization
- §3.17 d. Child of Naturalized Citizen (Derivative Citizenship)
- §3.18 e. Nationals of the United States
- §3.19 f. American Indians Born in Canada
- §3.20 g. Denaturalization
- §3.21 3. Determining Immigration Status
- §3.22 4. Advice for Client
- §3.23 5. Client's Equities
- §3.24 6. How Important Are the Immigration Consequences to the Client?
- §3.25 7. Criminal Issues
- §3.26 a. The Basic Criminal Case Interview
- §3.27 b. Determining Which Criminal History Reports to Order
- §3.28 c. Prior Convictions and Their Validity
- §3.29 8. Obtaining Information About the Client's Culture
- §3.30 9. Obtaining Medical Information
- §3.31 III. Obtaining Immigration Records
- §3.32 A. FOIA Requests
- §3.33 B. Information on Amnesty Clients
- §3.34 IV. Obtaining Criminal Records
- §3.35 A. Criminal History Reports
- §3.36 1. FBI Criminal History Reports
- §3.37 2. State Criminal History Reports
- §3.38 3. Motor Vehicle Conviction History
- §3.39 4. Correcting Errors in Criminal Histories
- §3.40 B. Obtaining Court Files and Transcripts
- §3.41 C. Record Destruction Does Not Eliminate Convictions
- §3.42 V. Obtaining Assistance from Immigration Counsel
- §3.43 A. Finding Immigration Counsel
- §3.44 B. Initial Consultation
- §3.45 C. On-Going Consultation
- §3.46 D. After Final Disposition of Criminal Case
- §3.47 VI. Obtaining Assistance from Former Counsel
- §3.48 A. Obtaining Attorney's Case File
- §3.49 1. In General
- §3.50 2. Conflict of Interest
- §3.51 3. Attorney-Client and Work-Product Privileges
- §3.52 B. Interviewing Former Defense Counsel
- §3.53 1. Duty to Cooperate With Successor Counsel
- §3.54 2. Mistakes Should Not Trigger Discipline
- §3.55 3. General Considerations
- §3.56 4. Corroborating the Client's Assertions of Prejudice
- §3.57 VII. Obtaining Information About Client's Culture
- §3.58 A. Cultural Experts
- §3.59 B. Cultural Defenses
- §3.60 C. Cultural Mitigation Issues
- §3.61 D. Persecution and Torture of Client if Deported
- §3.62 VIII. Cultural Effects on Medical Investigation
- §3.63 IX. Foreign Investigations
- § 4 Interpreter Issues
- §4.1 I. Introduction
- §4.2 II. Right to an Interpreter in Criminal Proceedings
- §4.3 A. In General
- §4.4 B. Importance of Accurate Interpretation
- §4.5 III. Nature of Language Interpretation
- §4.6 A. Types of Oral Interpretation
- §4.7 B. Written Translation
- §4.8 C. Functions of an Interpreter
- §4.9 1. Defense Interpreter
- §4.10 2. Proceedings Interpreter
- §4.11 3. Witness Interpreter
- §4.12 4. Separate Interpreters
- §4.13 IV. Counsel's Role
- §4.14 A. Counsel's Duty to Obtain an Interpreter
- §4.15 1. In General
- §4.16 2. Assessing the Need for an Intepreter
- §4.17 3. Finding an Interpreter
- §4.18 4. Selecting an Interpreter
- §4.19 B. Qualifications of Interpreter
- §4.20 1. Language and Dialect
- §4.21 2. Competence and Certification
- §4.22 3. Literacy
- §4.23 4. Bias and Conflict of Interest
- §4.24 C. Preparation of Interpreter
- §4.25 D. Supervision of Interpreter
- §4.26 E. Making a Record
- §4.27 1. Factual Record
- §4.28 2. Duty to Object
- §4.29 V. Interpreter's Role
- §4.30 A. Single Role
- §4.31 B. Ethics
- §4.32 C. Interpreter as Witness
- §4.33 1. Attorney-Client Privilege
- §4.34 2. Preventing Testimony Against Client
- §4.35 VI. Court's Role
- §4.36 A. Right to Interpreter
- §4.37 B. Duty to Provide Interpreter
- §4.38 C. Qualifying Interpreter in Court
- §4.39 D. Violations of Right to Interpreter
- §4.40 VII. Appellate Proceedings
- §4.41 A. Standard of Review on Appeal
- §4.42 B. Providing an Interpreter on Appeal
- § 5 Strategy
- §5.1 I. Introduction
- §5.2 A. In General
- §5.3 B. 3 Areas of Litigation
- §5.4 C. Outline
- §5.5 II. Criminal Defense of Current Case
- §5.6 A. Basic Goals
- §5.7 1. Minimizing Criminal Consequences
- §5.8 2. Minimizing Immigration and Other Collateral Consequences
- §5.9 3. Balancing Conflicting Goals
- §5.10 B. 5 Steps
- §5.11 1. Client's Immigration Status
- §5.12 2. Expert Assistance or Information
- §5.13 3. Client's Priorities
- §5.14 4. Defense Strategy
- §5.15 5. Continuing Consultation
- §5.16 C. Development of a Strategy
- §5.17 1. Chronology
- §5.18 2. Analysis of the Problem
- §5.19 3. Finding a Solution
- §5.20 4. Evaluation of Chances of Success
- §5.21 D. Defense of Criminal Case
- §5.22 1. Deportability
- §5.23 2. Inadmissibility
- §5.24 3. Eligibility for Relief
- §5.25 4. Multiple Charges or Cases
- §5.26 E. Identification of Safe Haven
- §5.27 1. Non-Conviction Disposition
- §5.28 2. Non-Deportable Disposition
- §5.29 3. Non-Deportable Sentence
- §5.30 4. Conduct-Based Immigration Consequences
- §5.31 5. Eligibility for Relief
- §5.32 F. Construction of Safe Haven
- §5.33 III. Post-Conviction Relief
- §5.34 A. List of Prior Convictions
- §5.35 B. Immigration Effect
- §5.36 C. Minimum Necessary Changes
- §5.37 D. Ingredients for Success
- §5.38 E. Evaluation of Chances of Success
- §5.39 F. Criminal Reprosecution
- §5.40 1. In General
- §5.41 2. Criminal Consequences
- §5.42 3. Immigration Consequences
- §5.43 IV. Concluding the Representation
- § 6 Detention
- §6.1 I. Introduction
- §6.2 II. Strategy
- §6.3 III. Release from Criminal Custody
- §6.4 A. Working with Immigration Counsel
- §6.5 B. Whether to Obtain Release from Criminal Custody
- §6.6 C. Due Process Presumption in Favor of Release
- §6.7 D. Effect of Noncitizen Status on Release Decision
- §6.8 1. Federal Courts
- §6.9 2. State Courts
- §6.10 IV. Criminal Defense to Minimize Immigration Detention
- §6.11 A. Immigration Holds in Criminal Cases
- §6.12 1. Nature of the Immigration Hold
- §6.13 2. Lifting an Immigration Hold
- §6.14 3. Duration of Immigration Hold
- §6.15 a. 48 Hours After Criminal Release
- §6.16 b. Habeas Corpus
- §6.17 c. False Imprisonment Liability
- §6.18 B. Plea Negotiations
- §6.19 C. Criminal Custody Conditions
- §6.20 D. Accepting Early Removal
- §6.21 1. General Rule
- §6.22 2. Judicial Removal
- §6.23 3. Stipulated Removal
- §6.24 4. Suspended Execution of Sentence
- §6.25 5. As Condition of Probation
- §6.26 6. Early Release to Deportation
- §6.27 7. Prisoner Transfer
- §6.28 8. Removal Proceedings for Noncitizens in Prison
- §6.29 V. Arrest by Immigration Authorities
- §6.30 VI. Arrest by DHS on Criminal Charges
- §6.31 A. Arrest on Immigration-Related Crimes
- §6.32 B. DHS Enforcement of Criminal Arrest Warrants
- §6.33 VII. Immigration Detention
- §6.34 A. Importance to Immigrant Defendants
- §6.35 B. Detention Priorities
- §6.36 C. Detention Locale
- §6.37 D. Mandatory Detention
- §6.38 1. Effective Date
- §6.39 2. Direct Release Not Required
- §6.40 3. Avoiding Mandatory Detention
- §6.41 4. "Arriving Aliens"
- §6.42 5. Indefinite Detention
- §6.43 E. Non-Mandatory Immigration Detention
- §6.44 1. Bond
- §6.45 2. Juvenile Detention
- §6.46 F. Automatic Stay on Appeal
- §6.47 G. Habeas Review
- §6.48 VIII. Bringing Client from Immigration to Criminal Custody
- §6.49 A. During Pretrial Criminal Proceedings
- §6.50 B. After Deportation
- §6.51 C. Entry into the United States to Attend Criminal Proceedings
- §6.52 IX. Resources
- § 7 Conviction
- §7.1 I. Introduction
- §7.2 II. Overview
- §7.3 III. Immigration Consequences of Conviction
- §7.4 A. Deportation Grounds
- §7.5 B. Inadmissibility Grounds
- §7.6 C. Other Immigration Consequences
- §7.7 D. Conduct-Based Immigration Consequences
- §7.8 IV. Elements of a Conviction
- §7.9 A. Definition of Conviction Applies in All Immigration Contexts
- §7.10 B. Conviction Defined by Federal, Not State, Law
- §7.11 C. Statutory Definition of Conviction
- §7.12 1. The Statute
- §7.13 2. Legislative History
- §7.14 D. Elements of Conviction
- §7.15 1. Formal Judgment in Criminal Case
- §7.16 2. Deferred Judgment of Guilt
- §7.17 a. Verdict After Trial
- §7.18 b. Plea of Guilty or No Contest
- §7.19 c. Admission of Sufficient Facts
- §7.20 d. Imposition of Sentence
- §7.21 V. Non-Conviction Dispositions
- §7.22 A. Non-Criminal Dispositions
- §7.23 1. Juvenile Delinquency Adjudications
- §7.24 2. Minor Non-Criminal Violations
- §7.25 3. Foreign Convictions
- §7.26 4. Unlisted Jurisdictions: Local, Military, and Tribal Convictions
- §7.27 B. Non-Conviction Dispositions
- §7.28 1. Acquittal
- §7.29 2. Dismissal Before Conviction
- §7.30 3. Deferred Prosecution
- §7.31 4. Deferred Verdict
- §7.32 5. Deferred Sentence
- §7.33 C. Defective Convictions
- §7.34 1. Convictions by Court Without Jurisdiction
- §7.35 2. Convictions In Absentia
- §7.36 3. Other Defects
- §7.37 D. Non-Final Convictions on Direct Appeal
- §7.38 VI. Post-Conviction Relief from Conviction
- §7.39 VII. Resources
- § 8 Plea
- §8.1 I. Introduction
- §8.2 II. Preparation
- §8.3 A. Counsel's Role
- §8.4 B. Research
- §8.5 C. Client's Decision
- §8.6 III. Factors Affecting Plea
- §8.7 A. In General
- §8.8 B. Special Considerations for Noncitizens
- §8.9 IV. Target Disposition
- §8.10 A. Outline Exact Target Record of Conviction
- §8.11 B. Ranking Alternatives
- §8.12 V. Plea Negotiations
- §8.13 A. Things to Know
- §8.14 B. Negotiation Theory
- §8.15 C. Negotiation Process
- §8.16 1. The Prosecutor
- §8.17 2. The Client
- §8.18 3. The Court
- §8.19 D. Defense Negotiating Position
- §8.20 1. What You Want
- §8.21 2. Why You Want It
- §8.22 3. Why They Should Give It To You
- §8.23 E. Respect Prosecution Interests
- §8.24 1. Conviction of Serious Offense
- §8.25 2. Long Sentence
- §8.26 3. Simple Disposition
- §8.27 4. Quick Disposition
- §8.28 5. Avoiding Work
- §8.29 6. Fairness
- §8.30 7. Protecting the Victim
- §8.31 F. Respect the Court's Interests
- §8.32 G. Role of Defendant's Immigration Status
- §8.33 1. Whether to Alert Prosecution or Court to Immigration Issues
- §8.34 2. Neutralizing Bias Against Noncitizens
- §8.35 a. Noncitizens in General
- §8.36 b. Noncitizens Without Lawful Status
- §8.37 VI. Entry of Plea
- §8.38 A. General Considerations
- §8.39 1. Interpreters
- §8.40 2. Avoiding Damaging Immigration Admissions
- §8.41 3. Other Considerations
- §8.42 B. Timing of the Plea
- §8.43 C. Advice to Client
- §8.44 1. Criminal Consequences
- §8.45 2. Advice of Possible Immigration Consequences Required by Statute
- §8.46 3. Advice of Exact Immigration Consequences
- §8.47 4. Preparation for Client's Role in Entry of Plea
- §8.48 5. Other Advice to Client
- §8.49 D. Entry of Plea
- §8.50 1. Plea Agreement
- §8.51 a. Offense of Conviction
- §8.52 b. Sentence
- §8.53 i. Length of Sentence Imposed
- §8.54 ii. Restitution
- §8.55 2. Plea Hearing
- §8.56 a. Nature and Wording of Plea
- §8.57 i. Guilty Plea
- §8.58 ii. No Contest Plea
- §8.59 iii. Plea Without Admission of Guilt
- §8.60 iv. Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity
- §8.61 v. Slow Plea of Guilty
- §8.62 vi. Dispositions Without Plea
- §8.63 b. Avoiding Factual Admissions
- §8.64 i. Record of Conviction
- §8.65 ii. Factual Basis Stipulation
- §8.66 iii. Oral Statements of Defendant
- §8.67 iv. Probation Interview
- § 9 Litigation [Reserved]
- § 10 Sentence
- §10.1 I. Introduction
- §10.2 II. Roles of Court and Counsel
- §10.3 III. Goals of Sentencing
- §10.4 A. Criminal Goals of Sentence
- §10.5 B. Immigration-Related Goals of Sentence
- §10.6 C. Balancing Immigration with Criminal Goals
- §10.7 D. Relationship to Plea Bargaining
- §10.8 IV. Preparation
- §10.9 A. Avoiding Damaging Admissions
- §10.10 B. Defense Sentencing Materials
- §10.11 C. Probation Interview
- §10.12 D. Preparing for Allocution
- §10.13 V. Sentence Hearing
- §10.14 A. Specific Tactics
- §10.15 1. Tactics to Avoid Conviction
- §10.16 2. Avoiding Service of Sentence
- §10.17 3. Neutralizing Probation Report as Part of Record
- §10.18 4. Tactics to Avoid Sentence Imposed
- §10.19 5. Tactics to Minimize Maximum Sentence
- §10.20 6. Tactics to Minimize Restitution Order
- §10.21 7. Tactics to Minimize Level of Offense
- §10.22 8. Qualifying Client for Post-Conviction Relief
- §10.23 B. Arguments in Mitigation
- §10.24 1. Prosecution Policy Not To Favor Immigrants
- §10.25 2. Judicial Policy to Consider Collateral Impact of Sentence
- §10.26 3. Equities
- §10.27 4. Immigration Status or Hold
- §10.28 5. Cultural Mitigation Issues
- §10.29 6. Persecution and Torture of Client if Deported
- §10.30 7. Other Arguments
- §10.31 C. Federal Sentencing Issues
- §10.32 D. State Sentencing Issues
- §10.33 E. Evidentiary Hearing
- §10.34 VI. Post-Conviction Relief at Sentencing
- §10.35 A. Current Case
- §10.36 B. Prior Convictions
- §10.37 VII. Special Immigration-Related Proceedings
- §10.38 A. Special Proceedings At Sentence
- §10.39 1. Former Judicial Recommendation Against Deportation
- §10.40 2. Judicial Deportation Proceedings at Federal Sentence
- §10.41 B. Special Proceedings After Sentence
- §10.42 1. Early Release to Removal
- §10.43 2. Prisoner Transfer Treaties
- §10.44 VIII. Probation Violation Proceedings
- §10.45 A. Immigration Effects
- §10.46 1. Probation Violations and Convictions
- §10.47 2. Avoiding Damaging Admissions
- §10.48 3. Probation Violation Sentences
- §10.49 B. Negotiating Probation Violations
- §10.50 IX. Concluding the Representation
- §10.51 A. Saying Goodbye
- §10.52 B. Documenting the Disposition
- §10.53 C. Immigration Advice
- §10.54 X. Effect of Sentence on Nature of Offense
- §10.55 A. Sentence As Part of "Record of Conviction"
- §10.56 B. Sentence Enhancements
- §10.57 1. Effects of Sentence Enhancements
- §10.58 2. Recidivist Enhancements
- §10.59 3. Firearm Enhancements
- §10.60 4. Other Conduct-Based Enhancements
- §10.61 C. Finality
- §10.62 XI. Immigration Consequences of Sentence
- §10.63 A. "Sentence Imposed"
- §10.64 B. Type of Confinement
- §10.65 C. Sentence Ordered by the Court
- §10.66 1. Aggravated Felonies
- §10.67 2. Crime of Moral Turpitude
- §10.68 3. Mandatory Detention
- §10.69 4. Petty Offense Exception to Inadmissibility
- §10.70 D. Aggregate Sentences Imposed
- §10.71 1. Multiple Conviction Ground of Inadmissibility
- §10.72 2. Withholding of Deportation (Restriction on Removal)
- §10.73 E. Actual Confinement
- §10.74 1. Good Moral Character 180-Day Bar
- §10.75 2. INA §212(c) Waiver 5-Year Bar
- §10.76 F. Maximum Potential Confinement
- §10.77 1. Definition
- §10.78 2. Aggravated Felonies
- §10.79 3. Crime of Moral Turpitude Deportation Ground
- §10.80 4. Petty Offense Exception to Inadmissibility
- §10.81 G. Probation or Parole
- §10.82 H. Restitution Orders and Loss to the Victim(s)
- §10.83 1. Fraud Offenses
- §10.84 2. Tax Evasion Offenses
- §10.85 3. Money Laundering Offenses
- §10.86 I. Level of Offense
- §10.87 1. Felony Conviction
- §10.88 2. Immigration Consequences
- §10.89 a. Aggravated Felonies Drug Trafficking
- §10.90 b. Aggravated Felony Crimes of Violence Under 18 U.S.C. 16(b)
- §10.91 c. Disqualification from Relief
- §10.92 3. Misdemeanor Conviction
- §10.93 4. Very Minor Offenses
- §10.94 J. Immigration Holds and Detention
- § 11 Post-Conviction Relief
- §11.1 I. Introduction
- §11.2 II. Summary: What Criminal Counsel Need to Know
- §11.3 III. Effective Orders Vacating Conviction
- §11.4 A. General Rule
- §11.5 B. Full Faith and Credit
- §11.6 C. Burden of Proof
- §11.7 D. Increasing the Chances Immigration Authorities Will Respect the Order
- §11.8 E. Jurisdiction to Vacate
- §11.9 IV. Effective Orders Modifying Sentence
- §11.10 A. Most Recent Sentence Governs
- §11.11 B. New Definition of "Conviction"
- §11.12 C. Reducing Sentence
- §11.13 D. Reduction of Felony to Misdemeanor
- §11.14 1. Immigration Consequences
- §11.15 2. Procedure
- §11.16 E. Reduction of Misdemeanor to Infraction
- §11.17 V. Effective Rehabilitative Relief
- §11.18 A. General Rule
- §11.19 B. Federal First Offender Act Exception
- §11.20 C. Ninth Circuit Exception for State and Foreign Rehabilitative Relief Analogous to FFOA
- §11.21 D. Judicial Recommendation Against Deportation
- §11.22 E. Pardon
- §11.23 1. Determination of Whether a Pardon Exists
- §11.24 2. Foreign Pardons
- §11.25 VI. Procedure to Obtain Post-Conviction Relief
- §11.26 A. Finding Post-Conviction Counsel
- §11.27 B. Investigating the Case
- §11.28 C. Developing a Strategy
- §11.29 1. Adverse Consequences of Post-Conviction Relief
- §11.30 2. Ex Post Facto Doctrine
- §11.31 3. Conduct-Based Immigration Consequences
- §11.32 D. Evaluating the Case
- §11.33 1. Requirements for Successful Post-Conviction Relief
- §11.34 a. Matching the Vehicle to the Immigration Effect
- §11.35 b. Matching the Vehicle to the Ground of Legal Invalidity
- §11.36 c. Choosing a Vehicle that Works
- §11.37 d. Timing of Post-Conviction Relief
- §11.38 2. Factors to Consider
- §11.39 a. The Current Status of the Client
- §11.40 i. The Client is Clean and Sober
- §11.41 ii. The Client Has Strong Equities
- §11.42 iii. The Client is Out of Custody
- §11.43 iv. The Client Has No Outstanding or Potential Arrest Warrants
- §11.44 v. The Client Has No Current Aggravated Re-entry Exposure
- §11.45 vi. The Client is Lawfully Present
- §11.46 b. The Criminal Situation
- §11.47 i. A Small Criminal Case Has Large Immigration Effects
- §11.48 ii. The Client Has Few Convictions
- §11.49 iii. Number and Diversity of Original Charges
- §11.50 iv. The Evidence of Guilt is Weak, or the Client Has a Plausible Claim of (at Least Partial) Innocence
- §11.51 v. The Client Was Charged Jointly With 1 or More Codefendants
- §11.52 vi. A Relatively Minor Change in Conviction or Sentence Will Solve the Immigration Problem
- §11.53 vii. There is Small Risk the Client Will Receive Additional Time in Custody
- §11.54 (a. Adverse Criminal Consequences
- §11.55 (b. Adverse Immigration Consequences
- §11.56 viii. The Jurisdiction Where the Conviction Occurred is Relatively Sympathetic
- §11.57 ix. Incomplete Initial Defense Investigation
- §11.58 x. Technical Problems with Prosecution Case
- §11.59 c. Timing of the Case
- §11.60 i. Federal Time Limits
- §11.61 (a. Motion to Vacate Sentence Under § 2255
- §11.62 (b. Coram Nobis Time Limits
- §11.63 (c. Attacking State Convictions
- §11.64 ii. Time Limits Within Which Actions for State Post-Conviction Relief Must be Filed
- §11.65 d. The Client Has 6 Months or More Before Irrevocable Immigration Damage Occurs
- §11.66 e. There is Still Time To Reopen the Immigration Case if Criminal Convictions Are Eliminated
- §11.67 f. The Records Necessary to Establish Error in the Criminal Case Still Exist
- §11.68 VII. Vacating Convictions
- §11.69 A. Vehicles
- §11.70 B. Grounds
- §11.71 VIII. Modifying Sentences
- §11.72 A. Vehicles
- §11.73 B. Grounds
- §11.74 IX. After Obtaining Post-Conviction Relief
- §11.75 A. Defending the Criminal Case Again
- §11.76 1. Some Safer Alternative Dispositions
- §11.77 2. Plea Negotiations
- §11.78 B. Documenting the Victory
- §11.79 1. Obtaining Certified Copies
- §11.80 2. Correcting Criminal History Records
- §11.81 C. Reopening Removal Proceedings
- §11.82 1. Before Deportation Has Occurred
- §11.83 2. After Deportation Has Occurred
- §11.84 3. Collateral Attack of Deportation Order Upon Prosecution for Illegal Re-entry
- §11.85 X. Other Resources
- § 12 Juvenile Proceedings
- §12.1 I. Introduction
- §12.2 II. Noncitizens in Juvenile Proceedings
- §12.3 A. Defense Strategy
- §12.4 B. Avoiding Damaging Admissions
- §12.5 C. Immigration Detention
- §12.6 D. Citizenship
- §12.7 E. Special Immigrant Juvenile Status
- §12.8 F. Finding of Juvenile Delinquency
- §12.9 G. Sentence
- §12.10 III. Noncitizen Minors in Adult and Youthful Offender Proceedings
- §12.11 A. Conviction
- §12.12 1. General Rule
- §12.13 2. Eligibility for FJDA Transfer
- §12.14 B. Foreign Adult Court Convictions of Minors
- §12.15 C. Adult Court Jurisdiction Over Minor
- §12.16 D. Post-Conviction Relief
- §12.17 E. Sentence - Type of Institution
- §12.18 F. Transfer from Juvenile to Adult Court under FJDA Not Possible for Conspiracy
- §12.19 G. Transfer from Adult to Juvenile Court
- §12.20 IV. Immigration Consequences of Juvenile Court Actions
- §12.21 A. Conviction - Juvenile Court Adjudication Not a Conviction
- §12.22 B. Discretionary Factor
- §12.23 C. Deportability
- §12.24 1. Conduct-Based Grounds
- §12.25 2. False Claim to U.S. Citizenship
- §12.26 3. Domestic Violence TRO Violation
- §12.27 4. Other Grounds
- §12.28 D. Inadmissibility
- §12.29 1. Conduct-Based Grounds
- §12.30 2. Controlled Substances: Admission by Minor Ineffective
- §12.31 3. Crime of Moral Turpitude
- §12.32 a. Admission by Minor Ineffective
- §12.33 b. Youthful Offender Exception
- §12.34 4. Reason to Believe Illicit Trafficker
- §12.35 5. Visa Fraud
- §12.36 6. Other Grounds
- §12.37 E. Relief
- §12.38 V. Resources
- § 13 Immigration Offenses [Reserved]
- § 14 Special Proceedings [Reserved]
- § 15 Overview of Substance and Procedure
- §15.1 I. Substantive Immigration Introduction
- §15.2 A. Criminal Defense Attorney Summary
- §15.3 B. Key Concepts and Terminology
- §15.4 C. Alienage and Citizenship
- §15.5 D. Inadmissibility v. Deportability
- §15.6 E. Good Moral Character
- §15.7 F. What Law Controls
- §15.8 II. Procedural Immigration Introduction
- §15.9 A. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §15.10 B. Organizational Structure
- §15.11 C. Initial Contacts with Immigration Authorities
- §15.12 1. Consular Processing
- §15.13 2. At Ports of Entry
- §15.14 a. Parole
- §15.15 b. Deferred Inspection
- §15.16 c. Withdrawal of Application for Admission and Informal Returns
- §15.17 3. Applying for Benefits
- §15.18 4. While in Criminal Custody
- §15.19 5. Illegal Crossings, Raids and Special Operations
- §15.20 6. Prosecutorial Discretion
- §15.21 D. Detention and Bond
- §15.22 E. Expedited Removal, Special Removal Proceedings for Noncitizens in Prison, and Judicial Removal
- §15.23 F. Immigration Court Proceedings
- §15.24 1. Notice to Appear
- §15.25 2. Master, Individual and In Absentia Hearings
- §15.26 3. Burdens of Proof, Categorical Analysis, and Evidence
- §15.27 4. Finding Removability
- §15.28 5. Application for Relief
- §15.29 6. Voluntary Departure
- §15.30 a. Before Removal Proceedings Begin
- §15.31 b. During Removal Proceedings
- §15.32 c. At End of Removal Proceedings
- §15.33 d. After Removal Proceedings
- §15.34 7. Motions to Reopen or Reconsider
- §15.35 G. Appeal to Board of Immigration Appeals
- §15.36 H. Appeal to Federal Courts
- §15.37 I. Judicial Review
- §15.38 J. After Conviction Has Been Vacated
- §15.39 K. Illegal Re-Entry
- §15.40 L. Reinstatement of Removal
- §15.41 III. Juveniles in Immigration Proceedings
- §15.42 A. Criminal Defense Attorney Summary
- §15.43 B. Initial Contacts With Immigration Authorities
- §15.44 C. Accompanied v. Unaccompanied Minors
- §15.45 D. Detention and Bond
- §15.46 E. Removal Proceedings
- §15.47 F. Relief
- § 16 Nature of the Conviction
- §16.1 I. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §16.2 II. Basic Analysis of Whether a Conviction Will Trigger a Ground of Removal
- §16.3 III. Categorical Analysis
- §16.4 A. Essential Elements of the Offense
- §16.5 1. Statutory Elements
- §16.6 2. Elements As Defined by Judicial Decisions
- §16.7 3. Resisting Exceptions to Categorical Analysis
- §16.8 B. Minimum Conduct Necessary to Violate the Statute
- §16.9 IV. Divisible Statutes
- §16.10 A. Divisibility Analysis - When Does It Apply?
- §16.11 1. Discrete Subsections
- §16.12 2. Disjunctive Statutes
- §16.13 3. Target Offenses
- §16.14 B. Divisibility Analysis - When It Does Not Apply
- §16.15 V. Record of Conviction
- §16.16 A. Existence vs. Nature of Conviction
- §16.17 B. Limitation to Record of Conviction
- §16.18 C. Elements vs. Facts
- §16.19 1. Rationale for Ignoring the Facts
- §16.20 2. Application
- §16.21 3. Foreign Offenses
- §16.22 D. Documents Included
- §16.23 1. Charging Papers
- §16.24 2. Factual Basis and Admissions
- §16.25 3. Judgment
- §16.26 4. Jury Verdict
- §16.27 5. Plea and Plea Agreement
- §16.28 6. Other Documents Included
- §16.29 E. Documents Excluded
- §16.30 1. Dismissed Counts
- §16.31 2. Police Reports
- §16.32 3. Probation and Presentence Reports
- §16.33 4. Other Documents Excluded
- §16.34 VI. General Considerations
- §16.35 A. Effects of State Law
- §16.36 B. "Related to" Language
- §16.37 C. Parentheticals
- §16.38 D. All Reasonable Doubts Favor the Noncitizen
- § 17 Deportability
- §17.1 I. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §17.2 II. Immigration Considerations
- §17.3 A. Inadmissibility vs. Deportability
- §17.4 B. Who is Subject to Grounds of Deportability
- §17.5 C. Admission to the United States
- §17.6 1. Returning LPRs Seeking Admission
- §17.7 2. Adjustment as Admission
- §17.8 3. Date of Admission
- §17.9 D. Burdens of Proof
- §17.10 E. Eligibility for Relief
- §17.11 F. Relevant Non-Crime Related Grounds
- §17.12 III. Crime-Related Grounds of Deportation
- §17.13 A. Conviction-Based Criminal Grounds
- §17.14 1. Aggravated Felony Conviction
- §17.15 2. Single Crime Involving Moral Turpitude Conviction
- §17.16 3. 2 or More Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude Convictions
- §17.17 4. Controlled Substance Conviction
- §17.18 5. Domestic Violence Conviction
- §17.19 6. Failure to Register as a Sex Offender Conviction
- §17.20 7. Firearm/Destructive Device Conviction
- §17.21 B. Visa Fraud Conviction
- §17.22 C. Importation for Immoral Purpose Conviction
- §17.23 D. Conduct-Based Criminal Grounds
- §17.24 1. Controlled Substance Abuser or Addict
- §17.25 2. Domestic Violence Protection Order Violation
- §17.26 3. Export Violation
- §17.27 4. Document Fraud
- §17.28 5. False Claim to U.S. Citizenship
- §17.29 6. Alien Smuggling
- §17.30 E. Other Crime-Related Grounds
- § 18 Inadmissibility
- §18.1 I. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §18.2 II. Immigration Considerations
- §18.3 A. Inadmissibility vs. Deportability
- §18.4 B. Who is Subject to Grounds of Inadmissibility
- §18.5 1. Lawful Permanent Residents
- §18.6 C. Burdens of Proof
- §18.7 1. Returning Lawful Permanent Residents
- §18.8 D. Admissions of Criminal Conduct
- §18.9 E. Eligibility for Relief
- §18.10 F. Relevant Non-Crime Related Grounds of Inadmissibility
- §18.11 III. Criminal Grounds of Inadmissibility
- §18.12 A. Conviction-Based Grounds
- §18.13 1. Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude
- §18.14 2. Conviction of a Crime Relating to a Controlled Substance
- §18.15 3. Multiple Convictions with Aggregate Sentences Imposed of 5 Years
- §18.16 B. Conduct-Based Grounds
- §18.17 1. Admission of Commission of a Crime Involving Moral Turpitude
- §18.18 2. Controlled Substance-Related Grounds
- §18.19 a. Admission of Commission of a Controlled Substances Offense
- §18.20 b. Reason to Believe
- §18.21 c. Drug Abuse and Addiction
- §18.22 3. Fraud and Related Grounds
- §18.23 4. Money Laundering
- §18.24 5. Prostitution and Commercialized Vice
- §18.25 6. Alien Smuggling or Trafficking
- §18.26 7. Terrorism and Security-Related Grounds
- §18.27 8. Other Crime-Related Grounds
- § 19 Aggravated Felonies
- §19.1 I. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §19.2 II. Standards for Defining Aggravated Felonies
- §19.3 A. Elements of the Deportation Ground
- §19.4 B. Nature of the Conviction
- §19.5 1. State Criminal Case Law - Applicability
- §19.6 2. Parentheticals and "Related To" Language
- §19.7 C. Reference to Federal Law or Generic Definition
- §19.8 1. Reference to Federal Criminal Law
- §19.9 2. General or Common Law Definitions
- §19.10 D. Sentence Requirements
- §19.11 E. Conviction Jurisdiction
- §19.12 F. Foreign Conviction Date Requirement
- §19.13 G. Non-Substantive Offenses
- §19.14 1. Attempt and Conspiracy
- §19.15 2. Accessory After the Fact
- §19.16 3. Aiding and Abetting
- §19.17 4. Facilitation
- §19.18 5. Misprision of a Felony
- §19.19 6. Solicitation
- §19.20 7. Other Non-Substantive Offenses
- §19.21 H. Effective Date Analysis
- §19.22 I. Immigration vs. Sentencing Contexts
- §19.23 III. Definitions of Specific Aggravated Felony Offenses
- §19.24 A. Alien Harboring
- §19.25 B. Alien Smuggling
- §19.26 C. Alien Transporting
- §19.27 D. Attempt
- §19.28 E. Bribery - Commercial
- §19.29 F. Bribery of Witness
- §19.30 G. Burglary
- §19.31 H. Child Pornography
- §19.32 I. Conspiracy
- §19.33 J. Counterfeiting
- §19.34 K. Crimes of Violence
- §19.35 1. Statutory Definition Under 18 U.S.C. 16(a)
- §19.36 a. Element of Force
- §19.37 b. Use, Threat, or Attempt
- §19.38 c. Violent Physical Force
- §19.39 d. Against Person or Property of Another
- §19.40 e. Intent Element
- §19.41 2. Statutory Definition Under 18 U.S.C. 16(b)
- §19.42 a. Felony Conviction
- §19.43 b. By its Nature
- §19.44 c. Involves a Substantial Risk
- §19.45 d. Violent Physical Force
- §19.46 e. Against Person or Property of Another
- §19.47 f. In Commission of the Offense
- §19.48 g. Use of Force
- §19.49 h. Intent Element
- §19.50 3. Political Offense Exception
- §19.51 4. Specific Crimes
- §19.52 L. Deceit
- §19.53 M. Destructive Device Trafficking
- §19.54 N. Document Fraud
- §19.55 O. Drug Trafficking
- §19.56 1. Elements of Both Prongs
- §19.57 2. Felony Requirement
- §19.58 a. Simple Possession
- §19.59 b. Other Cases
- §19.60 3. Listed Controlled Substance
- §19.61 4. Commercial Element
- §19.62 5. Federal Offense Analogue
- §19.63 6. Other Safer Offenses
- §19.64 P. Extortion
- §19.65 Q. Failure To Appear in Court
- §19.66 1. To Face Charges
- §19.67 2. To Serve Sentence
- §19.68 R. Firearms Offenses
- §19.69 1. Firearms Trafficking
- §19.70 2. Other Firearms Offenses
- §19.71 S. Forgery
- §19.72 T. Fraud
- §19.73 1. Nature of the Offense
- §19.74 2. Loss to the Victim(s)
- §19.75 U. Illegal Re-Entry After Deportation
- §19.76 V. Kidnapping
- §19.77 W. Money Laundering
- §19.78 X. Murder
- §19.79 Y. National Security Offenses
- §19.80 Z. Obstruction of Justice
- §19.81 AA. Perjury
- §19.82 BB. Prostitution
- §19.83 CC. Rape
- §19.84 DD. Receiving Stolen Property
- §19.85 EE. Revealing Undercover Agent's Identity
- §19.86 FF. RICO Offenses
- §19.87 GG. Sexual Abuse of a Minor
- §19.88 1. Sexual Element
- §19.89 2. Abuse Element
- §19.90 3. Proof of Age
- §19.91 4. As a Crime of Violence
- §19.92 HH. Statutory Rape
- §19.93 II. Tax Evasion
- §19.94 JJ. Theft
- §19.95 KK. Vehicles With ID Numbers Removed - Trafficking
- §19.96 IV. Immigration Consequences of Aggravated Felonies
- §19.97 A. General Immigration Consequences
- §19.98 B. Eligibility for Relief
- §19.99 C. Relationship to Other Grounds of Removal
- §19.100 D. Post-Conviction Relief
- § 20 Crimes of Moral Turpitude
- §20.1 I. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §20.2 II. General Definition
- §20.3 A. Intent Requirement
- §20.4 1. Intent to Commit Certain Acts
- §20.5 a. Intent to Steal
- §20.6 b. Fraudulent Intent
- §20.7 c. Intent to Inflict Bodily Harm
- §20.8 d. Lewd Intent
- §20.9 2. Varieties of Criminal Intent
- §20.10 a. Strict Liability (i.e., No Criminal Intent)
- §20.11 b. General Intent (to Commit an Act)
- §20.12 c. Intent to Break the Law
- §20.13 d. Negligence
- §20.14 e. Gross Negligence
- §20.15 f. Recklessness
- §20.16 g. Malice
- §20.17 h. Willfulness or Knowledge
- §20.18 3. Differing Definitions of Intent
- §20.19 B. Requirement of "Crime"
- §20.20 C. Gravity of Offense or Sentence
- §20.21 D. Significance of U.S. Contemporary Standards
- §20.22 E. Regulatory Offenses
- §20.23 F. Target Offenses
- §20.24 G. Non-Substantive Offenses
- §20.25 III. Inadmissibility Resulting from 1 CMT Conviction or Admission
- §20.26 A. Elements of the Inadmissibility Ground
- §20.27 1. Conviction
- §20.28 2. Admission
- §20.29 B. The Petty Offense Exception
- §20.30 C. The Youthful Offender Exception
- §20.31 D. The Political Offense Exception
- §20.32 IV. Deportation Resulting from 1 Conviction
- §20.33 A. Elements of Ground of Deportation
- §20.34 B. Sentence Requirement
- §20.35 1. Maximum Sentence of 1 Year
- §20.36 2. Former Sentence Requirement
- §20.37 C. Date of Commission
- §20.38 V. Deportability Resulting From 2 or More CMT Convictions
- §20.39 A. Elements of the Deportation Ground
- §20.40 B. Single Scheme Exception
- §20.41 C. Effect of Previous Grant of Relief
- §20.42 VI. Immigration Consequences of Crimes of Moral Turpitude
- §20.43 A. General Immigration Consequences
- §20.44 B. Eligibility for Relief
- §20.45 C. Relationship to Other Grounds of Removal
- §20.46 D. Post-Conviction Relief
- § 21 Controlled Substances
- §21.1 I. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §21.2 II. Immigration Considerations
- §21.3 A. Inadmissibility
- §21.4 1. Controlled Substances Conviction
- §21.5 2. Admission of a Controlled Substances Offense
- §21.6 3. "Reason to Believe" Drug Trafficker
- §21.7 4. Family Member of Noncitizen Drug Trafficker
- §21.8 5. Crime of Moral Turpitude Conviction
- §21.9 6. Admission of a Crime of Moral Turpitude
- §21.10 7. Drug Abuse or Addiction
- §21.11 B. Deportability
- §21.12 1. Aggravated Felony Drug Trafficker
- §21.13 2. Controlled Substances Conviction
- §21.14 3. Crimes of Moral Turpitude
- §21.15 4. Drug Abuse or Addiction
- §21.16 C. Eligibility for Relief
- §21.17 III. Simple Possession and Lesser Offenses
- §21.18 A. First Possession Offense
- §21.19 B. Multiple Simultaneous Offenses
- §21.20 C. Subsequent Possession Offense
- §21.21 D. Under the Influence
- §21.22 E. Possession of Paraphernalia
- §21.23 F. Transportation
- §21.24 IV. Drug Trafficking
- §21.25 A. Sale
- §21.26 B. Distribution
- §21.27 C. Manufacture or Cultivation
- §21.28 D. Import or Export
- §21.29 E. Other Controlled Substances Offenses
- §21.30 V. Safe Havens
- §21.31 A. General Safe Havens
- §21.32 B. Unlisted Offenses
- §21.33 C. Offense is Not "Relating to" a Controlled Substance
- §21.34 D. Drug is Not a Federally Listed Controlled Substance
- §21.35 E. Personal Possession of 30 Grams or Less of Marijuana
- §21.36 F. Effective Rehabilitative Relief
- §21.37 G. Other Safe Havens
- §21.38 VI. Sentencing Considerations
- §21.39 A. Felony/Misdemeanor Definitions
- §21.40 B. Illegal Re-Entry Sentencing
- § 22 Domestic Violence
- §22.1 I. Introduction
- §22.2 II. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §22.3 III. Criminal Defense of Domestic Violence Cases
- §22.4 IV. Immigration Consequences
- §22.5 A. Adverse Immigration Consequences
- §22.6 B. Relationship to Other Grounds of Deportation and Inadmissibility
- §22.7 C. Immigration Relief
- §22.8 D. Post-Conviction Relief
- §22.9 V. Domestic Violence Conviction Deportation Ground
- §22.10 A. Elements of the Deportation Ground
- §22.11 1. Alienage
- §22.12 2. Conviction
- §22.13 3. Foreign Conviction
- §22.14 4. After Admission
- §22.15 5. Effective Date
- §22.16 6. Listed Offense
- §22.17 a. Substantive Offenses
- §22.18 b. Non-Substantive Offenses
- §22.19 B. Analysis
- §22.20 1. Normal Analysis
- §22.21 2. Limitation to Elements of the Offense
- §22.22 3. Limitation to Record of Conviction
- §22.23 C. Specific Listed Offenses
- §22.24 1. Crime of Domestic Violence
- §22.25 a. Crime of Violence
- §22.26 b. Protected Relationship
- §22.27 c. Against a Person
- §22.28 2. Other Listed Offenses
- §22.29 a. Stalking
- §22.30 b. Child Abuse
- §22.31 c. Child Neglect
- §22.32 d. Child Abandonment
- §22.33 VI. Court Finding of Protection Order Violation
- §22.34 A. Elements of the Deportation Ground
- §22.35 B. Not a Finding by a Court
- §22.36 C. Finding by Foreign Court
- §22.37 D. Finding by a Wrong Court
- §22.38 E. Conduct Not Enjoined
- §22.39 F. Violation of Wrong Portion of TRO
- §22.40 G. Illegal Arrest
- § 23 Firearms
- §23.1 I. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §23.2 II. Consequences of Firearms Offenses
- §23.3 A. Firearms Conviction
- §23.4 B. Firearms Enhancements of Conviction or Sentence
- §23.5 C. Eligibility for Relief
- §23.6 D. Noncitizen In Possession of a Firearm Conviction
- §23.7 E. Illegal Re-Entry Sentencing
- §23.8 III. Firearms & Destructive Devices Ground of Deportation
- §23.9 A. Elements of Deportation Ground
- §23.10 B. Nature of Offense
- §23.11 C. Listed Offenses
- §23.12 D. Listed Firearms and Destructive Devices
- §23.13 1. Unidentified or Unlisted Weapon
- §23.14 2. Antique Firearm Exception
- §23.15 3. Sporting or Cultural Use Exception
- §23.16 4. Ammunition Offenses
- §23.17 E. Non-Substantive Offenses
- §23.18 F. Effective Date Issues
- §23.19 IV. Relationship to Other Grounds of Removal
- §23.20 A. Aggravated Felonies
- §23.21 B. Other Grounds
- § 24 Immigration Relief
- §24.1 I. Summary for Criminal Defense Attorneys
- §24.2 II. Adjustment of Status
- §24.3 III. Cancellation of Removal
- §24.4 A. For Lawful Permanent Residents
- §24.5 B. For Non-Lawful Permanent Residents
- §24.6 C. Continuous Presence and the Stop-Time Rule
- §24.7 IV. Convention Against Torture
- §24.8 V. Family Unity
- §24.9 VI. Legalization
- §24.10 A. Amnesty Program
- §24.11 B. Special Agricultural Workers
- §24.12 VII. NACARA Relief
- §24.13 VIII. Naturalization and Citizenship
- §24.14 IX. Non-Immigrant Visas
- §24.15 A. "S" Visa for Witnesses and Informants
- §24.16 B. "T" Visa for Victims of Trafficking
- §24.17 C. "U" Visa for Crime Victims and Witnesses
- §24.18 X. Political Asylum
- §24.19 A. Criminal Bars to Asylum
- §24.20 B. Offenses Committed After Grant (209(c) Waiver)
- §24.21 C. American Baptist Church (ABC) Settlement
- §24.22 XI. Private Bill in Congress
- §24.23 XII. Registry
- §24.24 XIII. Suspension of Deportation
- §24.25 XIV. Temporary Protected Status (TPS)
- §24.26 XV. Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)
- §24.27 XVI. Voluntary Departure
- §24.28 XVII. Waiver Under Former INA § 212(c)
- §24.29 XVIII. Waiver of Inadmissibility Under INA § 212(h)
- §24.30 XIX. Waivers - Other Waivers
- §24.31 XX. Withholding of Removal
- Appendix A Basic Immigration Status Questionnaire
- Appendix B Aggravated Felony Alphabetical Quick Checklist
- Appendix C Checklist of Federal Drug Offenses
- Appendix D Checklist of Grounds of Deportation
- Appendix E Checklist of Crime-Related Grounds of Inadmissibility
- Appendix F Post-Conviction Case Evaluation Checklist
- Appendix G Non-Substantive Offenses
- Table of Authorities
- About the Authors
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