United States Citizenship, lawfully obtained through birth, derivative citizenship, or naturalization, is a complete bar to deportation and inadmissibility.[156]  See § § 3.13-3.20, supra.  The same is true of United States “nationals”[157] and certain American Indians born in Canada.[158]  However, failure to raise a claim of citizenship before an immigration judge may result in a loss of opportunity to raise the claim later.[159]  When entering the United States, the burden is on the entrant to show citizenship.[160]

Nothing short of participating in a public citizenship ceremony following a lawful application for naturalization will transform a noncitizen into a citizen.[161] Denaturalization, which is very rare, generally occurs only upon government discovery of some fact that, if known at the time citizenship was granted, would have prevented naturalization.[162]

[156] See Rivera v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 835 (9th Cir. Oct. 18, 2004) (denial of habeas corpus petition reversed where IJ wrongfully ordered United States citizen removed to Mexico); Murphy v. INS, 54 F.3d 605, 610 (9th Cir. 1995).  As the Supreme Court has long recognized, “[t]o deport one who . . . claims to be a citizen[ ] obviously deprives him of liberty, . . . [and] may result also in loss of both property and life; or of all that makes life worth living.”  Agosto v. INS, 436 U.S. 748, 753 (1978) (quoting Ng Fung Ho v. White, 259 U.S. 276, 284 (1922)).  This is true even if the person is later denaturalized.  Costello v. INS, 376 U.S. 120 (1964) (person who was convicted of two crimes involving moral turpitude while s/he was a United States citizen cannot be deported on account of them after s/he lost citizenship through denaturalization). 

[157] See § 3.18, supra.

[158] See § 3.19, supra.

[159] Rivera-Martinez v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 207 (1st Cir. Nov. 4, 2004) (noncitizen’s failure to pursue available claim that he was United States citizen following direct review of order of removal as aggravated felon, procedurally defaulted claim for purpose of habeas review).  But see Theagene v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. June 15, 2005) (“Because only an “alien” may be required to exhaust administrative remedies under § 1252(d)(1), the plain language of § 1252(b)(5) requires that upon a petition for review of the BIA’s final order of removal, we must evaluate a petitioner’s claim to United States nationality regardless of whether the claim was raised below.”).

[160] Matter of GR, 3 I. & N. Dec. 141 (BIA 1948). Once the applicant establishes that s/he was once a citizen and the government asserts that s/he lost that status, then the government bears the burden of proving expatriation.  Ibid. The standard of proof to establish expatriation is less than the clear and convincing evidence test as applied in denaturalization cases, but more than a mere preponderance of evidence. The proof must be strict and exact.  Ibid.

[161] See, e.g., Abiodun v. Gonzalez, 461 F.3d 1210 (10th Cir. Aug. 30, 2006) (signing oath of allegiance during naturalization examination insufficient to confer citizenship); Okafor v. Gonzales, 456 F.3d 531 (5th Cir. Jul. 18, 2006) (signing oath insufficient to confer citizenship; it is necessary to participate in public ceremony pledging allegiance to the United States and renouncing all former allegiances to foreign states and sovereignties); Omolo v. Gonzales, 452 F.3d 404 (5th Cir. Jun. 12, 2006) (person may become a United States national only by birth or by completing the naturalization process).

[162] See § 3.20, supra.

NATURALIZATION - IJ LACKS JURISDICTION TO REVIEW ELIGIBILITY
Ogunfuye v. Holder, 610 F.3d 303 (5th Cir. Jun. 28, 2010) (immigration judge lacks authority to determine whether noncitizens are prima facie eligible for naturalization), following Matter of Hidalgo, 24 I. & N. Dec. 103, 105 (BIA 2007).

NATURALIZATION - RIGHT TO PROMPT ADJUDICATION - MANDAMUS
Linville v. Barrows, 489 F.Supp.2d 1278 (W.D.Okla., Apr. 19, 2007) ("[T]he Court concludes that the jurisdiction stripping provision of [8 U.S.C.] 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not divest this Court of jurisdiction over Plaintiffs claims. The Defendants had a ministerial nondiscretionary duty to adjudicate Mrs. Linvilles I-485 application within a reasonable time."; 8 U.S.C. 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) does not divest district court of jurisdiction to review naturalization issues, since naturalization is not related to removal).

BIA

CITIZENSHIP - DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP
Matter of Guzman-Gomez, 24 I. & N. Dec. 824 (BIA May 8, 2009) (the terms "child" and "parent" defined at 8 U.S.C. 1101(c), do not encompass stepchildren and stepparents; a person born outside the United States cannot derive United States citizenship under 8 U.S.C. 1431(a), by virtue of his or her relationship to a nonadoptive stepparent).

CITIZENSHIP - DENATURALIZATION - CONVICTIONS COMMITTED WHILE NONCITIZEN WAS LPR CAN TRIGGER DEPORTATION AFTER DENATURALIZATION OCCURS
Matter of Gonzalez-Muro, 24 I. & N. Dec. 472 (BIA 2008) (denaturalized noncitizen who committed crimes while a lawful permanent resident and concealed them during the naturalization application process is removable on the basis of the crimes, even though the alien was a naturalized citizen at the time of conviction), distinguishing Costello v. INS, 376 U.S. 120 (1964)

REMOVAL DEFENSE - NATURALIZATION - MOTION TO TERMINATE ONLY POSSIBLE WHERE DHS HAS PRESENTED AFFIRMATIVE COMMUNICATION OF PRIMA FACIE ELIGIBILITY
Matter of Acosta Hidalgo, 24 I. & N. Dec. 103 (BIA 2007) (because the Board of Immigration Appeals and the Immigration Judges lack jurisdiction to adjudicate applications for naturalization, removal proceedings may only be terminated pursuant to 8 C.F.R. 1239.2(f) (2006) where the Department of Homeland Security has presented an affirmative communication attesting to a noncitizen's prima facie eligibility for naturalization), reaffirming Matter of Cruz, 15 I.& N. Dec. 236 (BIA 1975). http://www.usdoj.gov/eoir/vll/intdec/vol24/3555.pdf

REMOVAL DEFENSE - NATURALIZATION - MOTION TO TERMINATE ONLY POSSIBLE WHERE DHS HAS PRESENTED AFFIRMATIVE COMMUNICATION OF PRIMA FACIE ELIGIBILITY
Matter of Acosta Hidalgo, 24 I. & N. Dec. 103 (BIA 2007) (a DHS adjudication on the merits of a noncitizen's naturalization application while removal proceedings are pending is not an affirmative communication of prima facie eligibility for naturalization that would permit termination of proceedings under 8 C.F.R. 1239.2(f)). http://www.usdoj.gov/eoir/vll/intdec/vol24/3555.pdf

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - DUI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE NOT BASIS TO DENY NATURALIZATION
Ragoonanan v. USCIS, 2007 WL 4465208 (D. Minn. Dec. 18, 2007) (unpublished) (district court ruled against USCIS, holding a recent DUI conviction was not a basis to deny naturalization).

Second Circuit

CITIZENSHIP " DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP
Garcia v. USICE, ___ F.3d ___, 2011 WL 6825581 (2d Cir. Dec. 29, 2011) (petitioner can derive citizenship if he was in his father's legal custody when his father naturalized, looking in this case first to state law to determine whether there is an enforceable judicial determination or statutory grant of custody; if there is not, actual uncontested custody of the child controls).

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - CONTINUOUS PRESENCE
Gildernew v. Quarantillo, ___ F.3d ___ (2d Cir. Feb. 4, 2010) (one-year absence bar in 8 U.S.C. 1427(b) applied both to the period preceding the naturalization interview and the period following the interview).

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - CONTINUOUS PRESENCE
Gildernew v. Quarantillo, ___ F.3d ___ (2d Cir. Feb. 4, 2010) (one-year absence bar in 8 U.S.C. 1427(b) applied both to the period preceding the naturalization interview and the period following the interview).

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - DISTRICT COURT
Bustamante v. Napolitano, 582 F.3d 403 (2nd Cir. Sept. 28, 2009) (where noncitizen properly invoked district courts authority over naturalization applications upon which the USCIS has failed to act for 120 days, under INA 336(b) of the Act, the district court had exclusive jurisdiction over naturalization application).

RELIEF - NATURALIZATION - DISTRICT COURT LACKS JURISDICTION TO RULE ON PROPRIETY OF REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS
Ajlani v. Chertoff, 545 F.3d 229 (2d Cir. 2008) (district court lacked jurisdiction to review the propriety of pending removal proceedings; pendency proceedings precluded plaintiff from stating a present claim for naturalization).

CITIZENSHIP - DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP - LEGAL SEPARATION REQUIRED BEFORE SINGLE PARENT CAN CONFER DERIVATIVE NATURALIZATION ON CHILD
Lewis v. Gonzales, ___ F.3d ___, 2007 WL 869029 (2d Cir. March 23, 2007) (parents must legally separate before single parent can confer derivative naturalization upon child, since 8 U.S.C. 1432(a)(3) (repealed 2000) requires the parents of a legitimated noncitizen child to effect a "legal separation" - even when the parents never were married in the first place - before the child may derive automatic citizenship from either of his parents individually). http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data2/circs/2nd/051677p.pdf

Lower Courts of Second Circuit

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION
Puello v. BCIS, 418 F.Supp.2d 436 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 13, 2005) (for purposes of applying the permanent bar to good moral character for conviction of an aggravated felony, under INA 101(f), the date of conviction is the date of sentencing or the date the judgment of conviction was filed with Clerk of Court, rather than on date the guilty plea was entered).

Third Circuit

JUDICIAL REVIEW"DISTRICT COURTS JURISDICTION TO REVIEW NATURALIZATION DENIALS
Gonzalez v. Secy of Dept of Homeland Security, 2012 WL 898609 (3d Cir. Mar. 19, 2012) (unpublished) (the jurisdiction vested in district courts by 8 U.S.C. 1421(c) to review naturalization denials is not divested by the priority given to removal proceedings under 8 U.S.C. 1429; district court may grant declaratory relief in the naturalization case notwithstanding the role it may play in terminating a removal proceeding).

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - DISQUALIFICATION GROUND THAT REMOVAL PROCEEDING IS PENDING
Zegrean v. U.S. Attorney General, 602 F.3d 273 (3d Cir. Apr. 13, 2010) (noncitizen cannot establish prima facie eligibility for naturalization, under 8 C.F.R. 1239.2(f), when removal proceedings began before the naturalization application was filed), citing Perriello v. Napolitano, 579 F.3d 135 (2d Cir. 2009).

Fourth Circuit

CITIZENSHIP " NATURALIZATION " FRAUDULENT ADMISSION
Injeti v. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 737 F.3d 311 (4th Cir. Dec. 11, 2013) (affirming district court denial of review of USCIS denial of naturalized U.S. citizenship, where noncitizen made misrepresentations on application for LPR status and submitted false evidence in another immigration proceeding).

RELIEF " NATURALIZATION " IMMIGRATION JUDGE CAN TERMINATE REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS TO ALLOW NATURALIZATION ONLY IF DHS HAS GIVEN WRITTEN CONFIRMATION OF ELIGIBILITY
Barnes v. Holder, 625 F.3d 801 (4th Cir. Nov. 10, 2010) (removal proceedings may only be terminated pursuant to 8 C.F.R. 1239.2(f) where the DHS has presented an affirmative communication attesting to the alien's prima facie eligibility for naturalization).

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION
Lee v. USCIS, __ F.3d __ (4th Cir. Jan. 25, 2010) (district courts lack jurisdiction to review USCIS denial of adjustment of status on the basis that 8 C.F.R. 245.10(j) was invalid under the APA).

Fifth Circuit

NATURALIZATION - IN PROCEEDINGS
Saba-Bakare v. Chertoff, 507 F.3d 337 (5th Cir Nov. 5, 2007) (the DHS has exclusive authority to announce that a noncitizen is prima facie eligible to apply for naturalization for the purpose of allowing a noncitizen in removal proceedings to naturalize; recognizing part of Matter of Cruz, 15 I. & N. Dec. 237 (BIA 1975) abrogated by amendment of 8 U.S.C. 1421 (1990)).

RELIEF - CITIZENSHIP CLAIM
Rios-Valenzuela v. Dep't of Homeland Sec., __ F.3d __, 2007 WL 3105904 (5th Cir. Oct. 25, 2007) (Court lacks jurisdiction to hear citizenship claim where the DHS initiated removal proceedings after the claim was brought before the district court,).

RELIEF - NATURALIZATION - DISTRICT COURT ADJUDICATION
Walji v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 432 (5th Cir. Sept. 14, 2007) ("Treating the petition for rehearing en banc as a petition for panel rehearing, the petition for panel rehearing is GRANTED. The prior opinion is withdrawn, and the following opinion is substituted ... When the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services ("CIS") does not grant or deny an application for naturalization 120 days after the required examination of the applicant, the applicant may ask a U.S. district court to adjudicate the application. 8 U.S.C. 1447(b). Does the 120 days begin to run after the application interview or after the background investigation is complete? The district court held the latter and dismissed the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Reviewing the record de novo, we reverse and remand.").

RELIEF - NATURALIZATION - DELAY LITIGATION IS PREMATURE IF FBI CHECK IS NOT COMPLETE
Walji v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 738 (5th Cir. 2007) (USCIS must receive a "definitive response" from the FBI before the 120-day time period in 8 U.S.C. 1447(b) begins to run).

Sixth Circuit

RELIEF " NATURALIZATION " REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS
Shewchun v. Holder, 658 F.3d 557 (6th Cir. Sept. 8, 2011) (noncitizen must get agreement from DHS that noncitizen is primafacie eligible for naturalization in order to ask immigration judge to terminate removal proceedings in order to apply for naturalization; although DHS may not adjudicate naturalization application of noncitizen in removal proceedings, DHS may determine prima facie eligibility without making a final determination on the application itself), following Matter of Hidalgo, 24 I. & N. Dec. 103 (BIA 2007); Barnes v. Holder, 625 F.3d 801, 807 (4th Cir. 2010).

Seventh Circuit

CITIZENSHIP " NATURALIZED CITIZENSHIP " REVOCATION
United States v. Suarez, 666 F.3d 655 (7th Cir. Dec. 16, 2011) (INA 1101(f)(8) and the accompanying regulations prevent a person from establishing good moral character for naturalization or any other relief when the person committed criminal acts within statutory GMC period prior to naturalization, but was not indicted or convicted of the offenses until after naturalization occurred).

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - DISTRICT COURT JURISDICTION
Ortega v. Holder, ___ F.3d ___ (7th Cir. Jan. 15, 2010) (reversing district court dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction of action for a declaration of nationality pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 1503(a), as the language of this statute makes it clear Congress intended individuals to pursue one of two routes to establish claims for nationality, including filing an administrative application for a certificate of citizenship, which if denied, could be pursued by way of an action under 8 U.S.C. 1503(a)).

Eighth Circuit

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - DUI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE NOT BASIS TO DENY NATURALIZATION
Ragoonanan v. USCIS, 2007 WL 4465208 (D. Minn. Dec. 18, 2007) (unpublished) (district court ruled against USCIS, holding a recent DUI conviction was not a basis to deny naturalization).

Ninth Circuit

CITIZENSHIP " NATURALIZATION " DENATURALIZATION
United States v. Arango, 670 F.3d 988, 2012 WL 89184 (9th Cir. Jan.12, 2012 (reversing denaturalization order where issue of fact remained as to whether noncitizen, who procured LPR status through fraudulent marriage, had entered into cooperation agreement with the INS allowing him to retain his LPR status).

CITIZENSHIP " DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP
Romero-Mendoza v. Holder, 665 F.3d 1105, 2011 WL 6318336 (9th Cir. Dec. 19, 2011) (petitioner's claim of derivative citizenship, through USC mother alone, was defeated by evidence showing his paternity was legitimated under Salvadoran law when parents married after petitioner's birth).

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - A NONCITIZEN CANNOT BE CONSIDERED A U.S. CITIZEN ON THE THEORY THAT THE GOVERNMENT IS ESTOPPED TO DENY IT
Mustanich v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d 1084 (9th Cir. Mar. 11, 2008) (rejecting argument that respondent is a United States citizen, although he did not file an application for naturalization prior to the applicable statutory deadline, because the United States is equitably estopped from denying his citizenship because the Government's own affirmative misconduct precluded a timely filing), following INS v. Pangilinan, 486 U.S. 875 (1988) (citizenship cannot be conferred by estoppel where the statutory requirements for naturalization have not been met).

RELIEF - NATURALIZATION AS DEFENSE FROM REMOVAL
Anderson v. Gonzales, __ F.3d __, 2007 WL 2264698 (9th Cir. Aug. 9, 2007) (under 8 C.F.R. 1293.2(f), a noncitizen must obtain permission from the DHS to apply for naturalization before the district courts when the noncitizen is in removal proceedings), agreeing with Matter of Acosta Hidalgo, 24 I. & N. Dec. 103 (BIA 2007).

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - MILITARY SERVICE
Gallarde v. INS, 486 F.3d 1136 (9th Cir. May 11, 2007) (noncitizen seeking naturalization was not barred by the statute barring those who seek exemption from compulsory military service, or the draft, based on alienage from becoming U.S. citizens, since that bar to citizenship applies only to aliens exempted or discharged on the basis of alienage from compulsory training and service in the Armed Forces, and does not apply to a noncitizen who voluntarily enlisted in the U.S. Navy, sought discharge short of completing his enlistment term on the basis of alienage, and was honorably discharged).

DC Circuit

CITIZENSHIP - MISREPRESENTATIONS FOR PURPOSES OF NATURALIZATION - MATERIALITY
In Re Petition of Sousounis, 239 F. Supp. 126 (D.C. Pa 1965) (minor misrepresentations made for naturalization purposes can be explained by language difficulties and a good faith effort by the applicant to explain those discrepancies).

Other

RELIEF"NATURALIZATION"DISTRICT COURT
Hajro v. Barrett, 2012 WL 968087 (N.D. Cal., Mar. 21, 2012) (unpublished) (noncitizen eligible for naturalization, and was not barred as lacking good moral character for providing false testimony in connection with adjustment of status by failing to disclose service in Bosnian army or participating in Muslim religious practices; "false testimony" for purposes of good moral character must be oral statements given under oath).

NATURALIZATION - MILITARY TIME PERIODS
An executive order was issued in July 2002, retroactive to September 11, 2001, declaring the current Iraq War/occupation a "military operation involving armed conflict with hostile force" such that persons who enlist and honorably serve in the military can take advantage of the more generous naturalization provisions of INA 329. See http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/index.php?content=f0611. The executive order doesn't mention the Iraq War specifically, but anyone who serves anywhere in the world is covered by it. Thanks to Margaret Stock.

RELIEF - NATURALIZATION - ILLEGAL VOTING
See Yates Memo (May 7, 2002), "Procedures for Handling Naturalization Applications of Aliens Who Voted Unlawfully or Falsely Represented Themselves as U.S. Citizens by Voting or Registering to Vote."

STATISTICS - MILITARY RECRUITMENT
Only 4-5% of the U.S. armed forces are non-citizens, and the vast majority of those are LPRs or U.S. nationals, from certain Pacific islands. See 10 U.S.C. 504 for the law regarding enlistment. They need a Social Security number to join, which is why visitors with B-2 visas cannot normally enlist. The military does not recruit undocumented noncitizens. The few of them who were able to join the US military in recent years used false documents to join. If a person walks into a recruiter's office today and says "I am an undocumented noncitizen and I want to join," the recruiter will normally tell the person to come back after becoming documented.

CITIZENSHIP - IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINAL RECORDS OF CERTAIN CITIZENS
A K-1 Fiance visa shall not be issued unless the applicant provides "information on any criminal convictions of the petitioner for any" crime specified in the regulations. INA 214(d)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1184(d)(1). The consular officer shall not approve a petition unless the officer has verified that the petitioner has not previously petitioned for two persons, and that at least two years have elapsed since any previously approved petition. INA 214(d)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1184(d)(1)(A). Waiver. DHS may grant a discretionary waiver of these limitations, but not except in extraordinary circumstances if the petitioner has a record of violent criminal offenses against a person. INA 214(d)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1184(d)(1)(B). The DHS shall grant this waiver, despite a record of violent offenses against the person, if the petitioner has been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty and is not or was not the primary perpetrator of violence in the relationship, if the DHS determines that (a) the petitioner was acting in self-defense; (b) the petitioner was found to have violated a protection order intended to protect the petitioner; or (c) the petitioner committed, was arrested for, was convicted of, or pled guilty to committing a crime that did not result in serious bodily injury and where was a connection between the crime and the petitioner's having been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty. INA 214(d)(1)(C)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1184(d)(1)(C)(ii). Procedure. The DHS is not limited by the criminal court record. INA 214(d)(1)(C)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1184(d)(1)(C)(i). The DHS shall consider any credible evidence relevant to the application, and has sole discretion to determine what evidence is credible and the weight to be given that evidence. INA 214(d)(1)(C)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1184(d)(1)(C)(iii). Disclosure. The consul is required to disclose the criminal record of the petitioner to the applicant. 8 U.S.C. 1375a(b)(1)(A).

RELIEF - NATURALIZATION - TERMINATING REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS TO PURSUE NATURALIZATION BEFORE DHS
AILF Practice Advisory sets out arguments to challenge Matter of Acosta Hidalgo, a recent BIA decision holding that IJs and the BIA lack jurisdiction to determine prima facie eligibility for naturalization in order to terminate removal proceedings. http://www.ailf.org/lac/pa/Acosta_Hidalgo_lac_pa_031808.pdf

CITIZENSHIP - NATURALIZATION - MILITARY RAPID NATURALIZATION
"The Armys one-year pilot program will begin in New York City to recruit about 550 temporary immigrants who speak one or more of 35 languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, Igbo (a tongue spoken in Nigeria), Kurdish, Nepalese, Pashto, Russian and Tamil. Spanish speakers are not eligible. The Armys program will also include about 300 medical professionals to be recruited nationwide. Recruiting will start after Department of Homeland Security officials update an immigration rule in coming days.

"Pentagon officials expect that the lure of accelerated citizenship will be powerful. Under a statute invoked in 2002 by the Bush administration, immigrants who serve in the military can apply to become citizens on the first day of active service, and they can take the oath in as little as six months." The military has always had the wartime authority to enlist NIV holders and even EWIs.

Anyone who enlists in this program has to be in legal status at the time of enlistment. Nobody who is out of status is eligible. If they fall out of status after they enlist, they can still become citizens, because under INA 329 even an illegal immigrant can naturalize.

Thanks to Margaret Stock

DOD Fact Sheet on the program: www.defenselink. mil/news/ mavni-fact- sheet.pdf

CITIZENSHIP - MISREPRESENTATIONS FOR PURPOSES OF NATURALIZATION - MATERIALITY
In Re Petition of Sousounis, 239 F. Supp. 126 (D.C. Pa 1965) (minor misrepresentations made for naturalization purposes can be explained by language difficulties and a good faith effort by the applicant to explain those discrepancies).

ARMED FORCES ENLISTMENT " NATIONALITY REQUIREMENTS
See 10 U.S.C. 504(b) (requirements for enlistment in the Armed Forces: A person must be a U.S. national, lawful permanent resident, a citizen of certain Pacific Islands, or vital to the national interest in order to enlist lawfully; the Army checks a persons paperwork with DHS to see whether the person falls into one of those categories, and also runs a fingerprint check and other database checks).