Ninth Circuit

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE - STALKING
Malta-Espinoza v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. Mar. 2, 2007) (California conviction of stalking, in violation of Penal Code 646.9, did not constitute aggravated felony crime of violence under categorical or modified categorical analysis, but not discussing whether this offense constituted "stalking" within the meaning of the domestic violence ground of deportation, INA 237(a)(2)(E)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2)(E)(i).)

     The argument that the stalking ground of deportation implicitly requires a protected victim, while the California stalking offense does not, appears weak. The statute defining the DV deportation ground expressly requires certain protected victims for the crime of domestic violence, and for the child abuse, abandonment, or neglect ground, but the stalking ground does not. The government could argue that this was an intentional omission by Congress. INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 432 (1987) ("Where Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same statute, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion."). Thanks to Lory Rosenberg.