Aggravated Felonies
Detailed Table of Contents
- Acknowledgements
- TOC Detailed Table of Contents
- Preface
- Table of Abbreviations
- § 1 Introduction
- §1.1 I. Importance of the Topic
- §1.2 II. What is an Aggravated Felony?
- §1.3 A. Initial Definition
- §1.4 B. History of Expansion of the Term
- §1.5 III. What is the Definition Used for?
- §1.6 A. Ground of Deportation
- §1.7 B. Disqualification from Relief in Immigration Court
- §1.8 C. Restriction of Procedural Rights in Removal Proceedings
- §1.9 D. Enhanced Sentences for Illegal Re-entry
- §1.10 IV. Favorable Rules for Defining Aggravated Felonies
- §1.11 V. Outline of the Book
- § 2 Immigration Consequences
- §2.1 I. Introduction
- §2.2 II. Adjustment of Status
- §2.3 III. Cancellation of Removal
- §2.4 A. For Lawful Permanent Residents
- §2.5 B. For Non-Lawful Permanent Residents
- §2.6 C. Continuous Presence and the Stop-Time Rule
- §2.7 IV. Consular Processing
- §2.8 V. Convention Against Torture
- §2.9 VI. Deferred Action Status (Prosecutorial Discretion)
- §2.10 VII. Deportation Grounds
- §2.11 VIII. Detention
- §2.12 IX. Expedited Removal and Special Removal Proceedings for Noncitizens in Prison
- §2.13 X. Family Unity
- §2.14 XI. Good Moral Character Ineligibility
- §2.15 XII. Illegal Re-entry
- §2.16 XIII. Inadmissibility
- §2.17 A. In General
- §2.18 B. After Deportation
- §2.19 XIV. Judicial Review Limitations
- §2.20 XV. Legalization
- §2.21 A. Amnesty Program
- §2.22 B. Special Agricultural Workers
- §2.23 XVI. NACARA Relief
- §2.24 XVII. Naturalization and Citizenship
- §2.25 XVIII. Non-Immigrant Visas
- §2.26 A. "S" Visa - Temporary and Permanent Status for Witnesses and Informants
- §2.27 B. "T" Visa - Temporary and Permanent Status for Victims of Trafficking
- §2.28 C. "U" Visa - Temporary and Permanent Status for Crime Victims and Witnesses
- §2.29 XIX. Parole
- §2.30 XX. Political Asylum
- §2.31 A. In General
- §2.32 B. American Baptist Church (ABC) Settlement
- §2.33 XXI. Private Bill in Congress
- §2.34 XXII. Registry
- §2.35 XXIII. Reinstatement of Removal or Deportation Order
- §2.36 XXIV. Suspension of Deportation
- §2.37 XXV. Temporary Protected Status (TPS)
- §2.38 XXVI. Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)
- §2.39 XXVII. Voluntary Departure
- §2.40 A. Before Removal Proceedings Begin
- §2.41 B. During Removal Proceedings
- §2.42 C. At End of Removal Proceedings
- §2.43 D. After Removal Proceedings
- §2.44 XXVIII. Waiver Under Former INA 212(c)
- §2.45 XXIX. Waiver of Inadmissibility Under INA 212(h)
- §2.46 XXX. Waivers - Other Waivers
- §2.47 XXXI. Withholding of Removal
- § 3 Elements of the Deportation Ground
- §3.1 I. Introduction
- §3.2 II. Elements of the Aggravated Felony Deportation Ground
- §3.3 A. Alienage
- §3.4 1. United States Citizens
- §3.5 2. Nationals of the United States
- §3.6 3. American Indians Born in Canada
- §3.7 B. Conviction
- §3.8 C. Conviction Must be for a Crime
- §3.9 D. After the Effective Date
- §3.10 E. After Admission
- §3.11 1. Statutory Definition of "Admission"
- §3.12 2. Any Admission
- §3.13 3. Adjustment as Admission
- §3.14 4. Returning LPRs Seeking Admission
- §3.15 F. Of Attempt, Conspiracy, or Commission of a Substantive Criminal Offense
- §3.16 1. Attempt
- §3.17 2. Conspiracy
- §3.18 3. Substantive Offenses
- §3.19 G. That Falls Within a Generic Aggravated Felony Category
- §3.20 H. Violation of the Law of a Listed Jurisdiction
- §3.21 1. Listed Jurisdictions
- §3.22 a. Federal Convictions
- §3.23 b. State Convictions
- §3.24 c. Foreign Convictions
- §3.25 i. Foreign Conviction Date
- §3.26 ii. Special Rules for Foreign Limitation Convictions
- §3.27 2. Unlisted Jurisdictions
- §3.28 a. Violations of Local Law
- §3.29 b. Violations of Indian Tribal Law
- §3.30 c. Convictions Under Military Law
- §3.31 III. The Nature of a Conviction
- §3.32 A. Statutory Definition of "Conviction"
- §3.33 B. Dispositions That Do Not Constitute Convictions
- §3.34 1. Deferred Prosecution
- §3.35 2. Deferred Verdict
- §3.36 3. Deferred Sentence
- §3.37 4. Defective Convictions
- §3.38 C. Acquittal
- §3.39 D. Dismissal Without Plea or Admission
- §3.40 E. Conviction by Court of Competent Jurisdiction
- §3.41 F. Juvenile Adjudications
- §3.42 G. Convictions in Absentia
- §3.43 H. Finality of Conviction
- §3.44 1. Direct Appeal
- §3.45 2. Slow Plea Dispositions
- §3.46 3. Late Appeal
- §3.47 I. Post-Conviction Relief from Conviction
- §3.48 IV. Unlisted Non-Substantive Offenses
- §3.49 A. Accessory After the Fact
- §3.50 B. Aiding and Abetting
- §3.51 C. Facilitation
- §3.52 D. Misprision of a Felony
- §3.53 E. Solicitation
- §3.54 F. Other Non-Substantive Offenses
- §3.55 V. Aggravated Felony Sentences
- §3.56 A. Classification of Aggravated Felonies Based on Sentence
- §3.57 B. Aggravated Felonies Based on Felony Level of Offense
- §3.58 1. Aggravated Misdemeanors
- §3.59 2. Felony Requirement for Crimes of Violence Under 18 U.S.C. 16(b)
- §3.60 3. Felony Requirement for Drug Trafficking Aggravated Felonies
- §3.61 C. Offenses that are Aggravated Felonies Only if 1 Year Sentence is Imposed
- §3.62 1. Definition of Sentence Imposed
- §3.63 2. Techniques for Avoiding a 1-Year Sentence
- §3.64 D. Aggravated Felonies Regardless of Sentence
- §3.65 E. Aggravated Felonies Defined in Terms of Potential Sentence
- §3.66 F. Post-Conviction Relief from Sentence
- § 4 Analysis of an Aggravated Felony
- §4.1 I. Basic Analysis of Whether a Conviction Constitutes an Aggravated Felony
- §4.2 II. Categorical Analysis
- §4.3 A. Essential Elements of the Offense
- §4.4 1. Statutory Elements
- §4.5 2. Elements As Defined by Judicial Decisions
- §4.6 3. Resisting Exceptions to Categorical Analysis
- §4.7 B. Minimum Conduct Necessary to Violate the Statute
- §4.8 III. Divisible Statutes
- §4.9 A. Divisibility Analysis - When Does It Apply?
- §4.10 1. Discrete Subsections
- §4.11 2. Disjunctive Statutes
- §4.12 3. Target Offenses
- §4.13 B. Divisibility Analysis - When It Does Not Apply
- §4.14 IV. Record of Conviction
- §4.15 A. Existence vs. Nature of Conviction
- §4.16 B. Limitation to Record of Conviction
- §4.17 C. Elements vs. Facts
- §4.18 1. Rationale for Ignoring the Facts
- §4.19 2. Application
- §4.20 3. Foreign Offenses
- §4.21 D. Documents Included
- §4.22 1. Charging Papers
- §4.23 2. Factual Basis and Admissions
- §4.24 3. Judgment
- §4.25 4. Jury Verdict
- §4.26 5. Plea and Plea Agreement
- §4.27 6. Other Documents Included
- §4.28 E. Documents Excluded
- §4.29 1. Dismissed Counts
- §4.30 2. Police Reports
- §4.31 3. Probation and Presentence Reports
- §4.32 4. Other Documents Excluded
- §4.33 V. General Considerations
- §4.34 A. Definition Under Federal or Common Law
- §4.35 1. Definition Under Federal Statutes
- §4.36 2. General or Common Law Definitions
- §4.37 B. "Related to" Language
- §4.38 C. Parentheticals
- §4.39 D. Effects of State Law
- §4.40 E. Immigration vs. Sentencing Contexts
- §4.41 F. All Reasonable Doubts Favor the Noncitizen
- § 5 Aggravated Felony Categories
- §5.1 . Definitions of Specific Aggravated Felony Offenses
- §5.2 . Accessory After the Fact
- §5.3 . Aiding and Abetting
- §5.4 . Alien Harboring
- §5.5 . Alien Smuggling
- §5.6 . Alien Transporting
- §5.7 . Attempt
- §5.8 . Bribery - Commercial
- §5.9 . Bribery of Witness
- §5.10 . Burglary
- §5.11 . Child Pornography
- §5.12 . Conspiracy
- §5.13 . Counterfeiting
- §5.14 . Crimes of Violence
- §5.15 1. Statutory Definition of Both Prongs
- §5.16 2. Sentence Imposed Requirement
- §5.17 3. 18 U.S.C. 16(a)
- §5.18 a. Element of Force
- §5.19 b. Use, Threat, or Attempt
- §5.20 c. Violent Physical Force
- §5.21 d. Against Person or Property of Another
- §5.22 e. Intent Element
- §5.23 4. 18 U.S.C. 16(b)
- §5.24 a. Felony Conviction
- §5.25 b. By its Nature
- §5.26 c. Involves a Substantial Risk
- §5.27 d. Violent Physical Force Another
- §5.28 e. Against Person or Property of
- §5.29 f. In Commission of the Offense
- §5.30 g. Use of Force
- §5.31 h. Intent Element
- §5.32 5. Political Offense Exception
- §5.33 6. Specific Crimes
- §5.34 . Deceit
- §5.35 . Destructive Device Trafficking
- §5.36 . Document Fraud
- §5.37 . Drug Trafficking
- §5.38 1. Elements of Both Prongs
- §5.39 2. Felony Requirement
- §5.40 a. Simple Possession
- §5.41 b. Other Cases
- §5.42 3. Listed Controlled Substance
- §5.43 4. Commercial Element
- §5.44 5. Federal Analogue
- §5.45 6. Non-Substantive Offenses
- §5.46 7. Effect of Rehabilitative Relief
- §5.47 . Failure To Appear in Court
- §5.48 1. To Face Charges
- §5.49 2. To Serve Sentence
- §5.50 . Firearms Offenses
- §5.51 1. Firearms Trafficking
- §5.52 2. Other Firearms Offenses
- §5.53 . Forgery
- §5.54 . Fraud
- §5.55 1. Nature of the Offense
- §5.56 2. Loss to the Victim(s)
- §5.57 . Illegal Re-Entry After Deportation
- §5.58 . Kidnapping/Extortion
- §5.59 . Misprision of a Felony
- §5.60 . Money Laundering
- §5.61 . Murder
- §5.62 . National Security Offenses
- §5.63 . Obstruction of Justice
- §5.64 . Perjury
- §5.65 . Prostitution
- §5.66 . Rape
- §5.67 . Receiving Stolen Property
- §5.68 . Revealing Undercover Agent's Identity
- §5.69 . RICO Offenses
- §5.70 . Sexual Abuse of a Minor
- §5.71 1. Sexual Element
- §5.72 2. Abuse Element
- §5.73 3. Proof of Age
- §5.74 4. As a Crime of Violence
- §5.75 . Solicitation
- §5.76 . Statutory Rape
- §5.77 . Tax Evasion
- §5.78 . Theft
- §5.79 . Vehicles With ID Numbers Removed - Trafficking
- § 6 Post-Conviction Relief
- §6.1 I. Introduction
- §6.2 II. Elimination of a Conviction
- §6.3 A. Vacating the Conviction as Legally Invalid
- §6.4 1. A Conviction Vacated as Legally Invalid Causes No Immigration Damage
- §6.5 2. New Definition of Conviction
- §6.6 3. Matter of Pickering
- §6.7 4. Full Faith and Credit
- §6.8 5. Analyzing Convictions Vacated on Immigration-Related Grounds
- §6.9 6. Jurisdiction to Vacate
- §6.10 7. Grounds for Vacating a Plea
- §6.11 B. State and Federal Rehabilitative Relief
- §6.12 1. General Rule
- §6.13 2. Federal First Offender Act Exception
- §6.14 3. Ninth Circuit Exception
- §6.15 C. Judicial Recommendation Against Deportation
- §6.16 D. Pardon
- §6.17 1. Determination of Whether a Pardon Exists
- §6.18 2. Foreign Pardons
- §6.19 III. Reduction of Felony to Misdemeanor
- §6.20 A. Felony Aggravated Felonies
- §6.21 1. Drug Trafficking Convictions
- §6.22 2. Crimes of Violence Under 18 U.S.C. 16(b)
- §6.23 B. Effect of Reduction to Misdemeanor
- §6.24 IV. Vacating or Modifying Sentence
- §6.25 A. Most Recent Sentence Governs
- §6.26 B. New Definition of "Conviction"
- §6.27 C. Reducing Sentence
- §6.28 D. Grounds to Vacate Sentence
- §6.29 V. Reopening Proceedings After Post-Conviction Relief
- §6.30 A. Removal Proceedings
- §6.31 B. Criminal Proceedings
- Appendix A Category Case Index
- §A.1 . Introduction
- §A.2 . Accessory After the Fact
- §A.3 . Aiding and Abetting
- §A.4 . Alien Harboring
- §A.5 . Alien Smuggling
- §A.6 . Alien Transportation
- §A.7 . Attempt
- §A.8 Bribery. Bribery - Commercial
- §A.9 Bribery. Bribery of Witness
- §A.10 . Burglary
- §A.11 . Child Pornography
- §A.12 . Conspiracy
- §A.13 . Counterfeiting
- §A.14 . Crimes of Violence
- §A.15 . Deceit
- §A.16 Destructive. Destructive Device Trafficking
- §A.17 . Document Fraud
- §A.18 . Drug Trafficking
- §A.19 . Failure To Appear in Court To Face Charges
- §A.20 Failure. Failure To Appear in Court To Serve Sentence
- §A.21 . Firearms Offenses
- §A.22 . Firearms Trafficking
- §A.23 . Forgery
- §A.24 . Fraud
- §A.25 . Illegal Re-Entry After Deportation
- §A.26 . Kidnapping
- §A.27 . Misprision of a Felony
- §A.28 . Money Laundering
- §A.29 . Murder
- §A.30 . National Security Offenses
- §A.31 . Obstruction of Justice
- §A.32 . Perjury
- §A.33 . Prostitution
- §A.34 . Rape
- §A.35 . Receiving Stolen Property
- §A.36 Revealing. Revealing Undercover Agent's Identity
- §A.37 . RICO Offenses
- §A.38 . Sexual Abuse of a Minor
- §A.39 . Solicitation
- §A.40 . Statutory Rape
- §A.41 . Tax Evasion
- §A.42 . Theft
- §A.43 . Vehicles With ID Numbers Removed - Trafficking
- Appendix B Crime Case Index
- §B.1 . Introduction
- §B.2 A. Controlled Substances Offenses
- §B.3 1. Drug Possession and Lesser Offenses
- §B.4 2. Drug Trafficking Offenses
- §B.5 3. Other Controlled Substances Offenses
- §B.6 B. Crimes Against the Person
- §B.7 1. Abortion
- §B.8 2. Attempted Suicide
- §B.9 3. Assault and Battery
- §B.10 4. Endangerment
- §B.11 5. False Imprisonment
- §B.12 6. Kidnapping
- §B.13 7. Manslaughter
- §B.14 8. Murder
- §B.15 9. Robbery
- §B.16 10. Stalking
- §B.17 11. Threats
- §B.18 12. Other Crimes Against the Person
- §B.19 C. Crimes Against the Government
- §B.20 1. Bank Fraud
- §B.21 2. Bribery
- §B.22 3. Contempt
- §B.23 4. Counterfeiting
- §B.24 5. Disorderly Conduct and Riot
- §B.25 6. Escape
- §B.26 7. Fraud Against the Government
- §B.27 8. Gambling
- §B.28 9. Mail Offense
- §B.29 10. Military and Selective Service Offenses
- §B.30 11. Money Laundering
- §B.31 12. Obstruction of Justice
- §B.32 13. Racketeering Offenses
- §B.33 14. Tax Evasion
- §B.34 15. Other Crimes Against the Government
- §B.35 D. Crimes Against Property
- §B.36 1. Burglary
- §B.37 2. Embezzlement
- §B.38 3. Extortion
- §B.39 4. Fraud
- §B.40 5. Passing Bad Checks
- §B.41 6. Property Damage or Destruction
- §B.42 7. Stolen Goods
- §B.43 8. Theft Offenses
- §B.44 9. Trespass
- §B.45 10. Other Crimes Against Property
- §B.46 E. False Statement Offenses
- §B.47 1. False Statements
- §B.48 2. Forgery
- §B.49 3. Perjury
- §B.50 4. Other False Statement Offenses
- §B.51 F. Firearms, Explosives, Dangerous Weapon Offenses
- §B.52 G. Immigration Offenses
- §B.53 1. Immigration Smuggling, Transportation
- §B.54 2. Illegal Re-entry After Deportation
- §B.55 3. False Immigration Documents and Other Offenses
- §B.56 4. Other Immigration Offenses
- §B.57 H. Motor Vehicle Offenses
- §B.58 1. Driving Under the Influence
- §B.59 2. Other Motor Vehicle Offenses
- §B.60 I. Non-Substantive Offenses
- §B.61 1. Aiding and Abetting
- §B.62 2. Accessory After the Fact
- §B.63 3. Attempt
- §B.64 4. Conspiracy
- §B.65 5. Misprision of a Felony
- §B.66 6. Solicitation
- §B.67 7. Other Non-Substantive Offenses
- §B.68 J. Offenses Involving the Family
- §B.69 1. Child Abuse
- §B.70 2. Domestic Violence
- §B.71 3. Other Offenses Involving the Family
- §B.72 K. Sexual Offenses
- §B.73 1. Against Children
- §B.74 2. Child Pornography
- §B.75 3. Prostitution and Pandering
- §B.76 4. Rape
- §B.77 5. Sexual Assault
- §B.78 6. Statutory Rape
- §B.79 7. Other Sexual Offenses
- Appendix C Aggravated Felony Checklist
- Appendix D Evolution of the Aggravated Felony Statute
- Appendix E Checklist of Federal Drug Offenses
- Appendix F Non-Substantive Offenses
- Table of Authorities
- Index
- About the Authors
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