Aggravated Felonies

Chapter

§ 6.10 7. Grounds for Vacating a Plea

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The great majority of criminal convictions occur in state courts. Generally speaking, in federal courts, court and counsel will take greater care to follow the procedures required to produce a legally valid conviction, although even there mass-production techniques produce frequent errors especially when the courts are busier and the cases less serious.

The majority of criminal convictions in all courts follow pleas of “guilty” or “no contest” (both of which have the same effect in both criminal and immigration court). Relatively few criminal convictions occur as a result of jury trials, and even fewer as a result of court trials. It is usually substantially more work and more difficult to set aside a conviction that flowed from a trial rather than one that resulted from a plea by the defendant. On the other hand, a guilty plea waives all errors in the proceedings (other than constitutional and jurisdictional defects and, in California practice, the denial of a motion to suppress evidence).[133] Thus, the possible claims for relief following a guilty plea are more limited than those following a trial. Potential grounds to vacate a conviction following a trial are too numerous for complete coverage here. The focus here is therefore on grounds to invalidate guilty pleas.

[133] California Penal Code § 1237.5.

Updates

POST CON RELIEF - GROUNDS - VIENNA CONVENTION
Medellin v. Texas, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 1346 (Mar. 25, 2008) (neither an International Court of Justice case, Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mex. v. U. S.), 2004 I. C. J. 12, nor a memorandum issued by the President of the United States constitutes directly enforceable federal law that pre-empts state limitations on the filing of successive habeas petitions, affirming dismissal of a habeas petition in a death penalty case raising a claim that petitioner was not informed of his Vienna Convention right to notify the Mexican consulate of his detention).

POST CON RELIEF - GROUNDS - STATE ADVISAL STATUTES
As of March, 2008, 28 states have adopted court rules or statutes that require the court, at plea, to advise the defendant concerning possible immigration consequences. Alas.R.Crim.P. 11(c)(3)(C); Arizona Rules of Court, rule 17.2(f) (2004); Ark. Rules of Court, rule 17.2(f)(2004); Cal. Penal Code 1016.5 (West 1995); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. 54-1j (West 1994); D.C. Code Ann. 16-713 (West 1994); Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.172(8) (West 1995); Ga. Code Ann. 17-7-93 (1997); Haw. Hawaii Stat. Ann. 802E(1), (2), (3) (West 1994); Id. Crim. Rule. 11(d)(1); Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/113-8 (2006); Iowa R. Crim. Proc. 2.8(2)(b)(2005); Me. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(5) (West 2002); Md. R. 4-242(e) (Michie 2001); Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 278, 29D (West 1994); Minn. Rule Crim. Proc. 15.01(10)(c) (2000); Mont. Code Ann. 46-12-210(1)(f) (1997); Neb. Rev. St. 29-1819.02 (West 2003); N.M. Dist. Ct. R.Cr.P. 5-303(E)(5) (1992); N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law 220.50 (7) (McKinney 2001 Cum. Supp. Pamphlet); N.C. Gen. Stat. 15A-1022 (a)(7) (West 1994); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. 2943.031 (West 1989); Ore. Rev. Stat. 135.385 (2)(d) (1997); R.I. Gen. Laws 12-12-22 (West 2003); Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(a)(4) (West 1994); 13 S.A. 6565; Wash. Rev. Code Ann. 10.40.200 (West 1995); Wis. Stat. 971.08(1)(c), (2) (West 1994).