Safe Havens
- §7.1 I. Introduction: Partial Safe Havens Defined
- §7.2 II. Aggravated Felony Safe Havens
- §7.3 A. Elements of the Aggravated Felony Deportation Ground
- §7.4 1. Alienage
- §7.5 2. Conviction
- §7.6 3. After Admission
- §7.7 4. Of a Substantive Offense, Attempt, or Conspiracy
- §7.8 a. Accessory After the Fact
- §7.9 b. Aiding and Abetting
- §7.10 c. Facilitation
- §7.11 d. Misprision of a Felony
- §7.12 e. Solicitation
- §7.13 f. Other Non-Substantive Offenses
- §7.14 5. That Falls Within a Generic Aggravated Felony Category
- §7.15 6. Foreign Conviction Date Requirement
- §7.16 7. That is a Violation of Federal or State Law
- §7.17 8. Parentheticals and “Related To” Language
- §7.18 B. Aggravated Felony Sentences
- §7.19 1. Aggravated Felonies Based on Felony Level of Offense
- §7.20 a. Aggravated Misdemeanors
- §7.21 b. Felony Requirement for Crimes of Violence Under 18 U.S.C. 16(b)
- §7.22 c. Felony Requirement for Drug Trafficking Aggravated Felonies
- §7.23 d. Reduction from Felony to Misdemeanor
- §7.24 2. Offenses That Are Aggravated Felonies Only If 1 Year Is Imposed
- §7.25 a. Definition of Sentence Imposed
- §7.26 b. Techniques for Avoiding a 1-Year Sentence
- §7.27 c. Effective Post-Conviction Relief from Sentence
- §7.28 3. Offenses Defined in Terms of Potential Sentence
- §7.29 C. Safe Havens for Specific Aggravated Felony Offenses
- §7.30 1. Accessory After the Fact
- §7.31 2. Alien Harboring
- §7.32 3. Alien Smuggling
- §7.33 4. Alien Transporting
- §7.34 5. Attempt
- §7.35 6. Bribery — Commercial
- §7.36 7. Bribery of Witness
- §7.37 8. Burglary
- §7.38 9. Child Pornography
- §7.39 10. Conspiracy
- §7.40 11. Counterfeiting
- §7.41 12. Crimes of Violence
- §7.42 a. Statutory Definition of Both Prongs
- §7.43 b. Sentence Imposed Requirement
- §7.44 c. 18 U.S.C. 16(a)
- §7.45 i. No Element of Force
- §7.46 ii. No Listed Offense: Use, Threat, or Attempt
- §7.47 iii. Insufficient Physical Force
- §7.48 iv. Not Against Person or Property of Another
- §7.49 v. Insufficient Intent Element
- §7.50 vi. Political Offense Exception
- §7.51 d. 18 U.S.C. 16(b)
- §7.52 i. Conviction Not a Felony
- §7.53 ii. Not by its Nature
- §7.54 iii. No Substantial Risk
- §7.55 iv. Insufficient Physical Force
- §7.56 v. Not Against Person or Property of Another
- §7.57 vi. Not in Commission of Offense
- §7.58 vii. Not Use of Force
- §7.59 viii. Insufficient Intent Element
- §7.60 e. Other Safe Havens
- §7.61 13. Deceit
- §7.62 14. Destructive Device Trafficking
- §7.63 15. Document Fraud
- §7.64 16. Drug Trafficking
- §7.65 a. Elements of Both Prongs
- §7.66 b. Felony Requirement Safe Haven
- §7.67 c. Unidentified Drug Safe Haven
- §7.68 d. No Commercial Element Safe Haven
- §7.69 e. No Federal Analogue Safe Haven
- §7.70 f. Rehabilitative Relief Safe Haven
- §7.71 g. Other Safe Havens
- §7.72 17. Extortion
- §7.73 18. Failure To Appear in Court
- §7.74 a. To Face Charges
- §7.75 b. To Serve Sentence
- §7.76 19. Firearms Offenses
- §7.77 a. Firearms Trafficking
- §7.78 b. Other Firearms Offenses
- §7.79 20. Forgery
- §7.80 21. Fraud
- §7.81 a. Nature of the Offense
- §7.82 b. Loss to the Victim(s)
- §7.83 22. Illegal Re-Entry After Deportation
- §7.84 23. Kidnapping
- §7.85 24. Misprision of a Felony
- §7.86 25. Money Laundering
- §7.87 26. Murder
- §7.88 27. National Security Offenses
- §7.89 28. Obstruction of Justice
- §7.90 29. Perjury
- §7.91 30. Prostitution
- §7.92 31. Rape
- §7.93 32. Receiving Stolen Property
- §7.94 33. Revealing Undercover Agent’s Identity
- §7.95 34. RICO Offenses
- §7.96 35. Sexual Abuse of a Minor
- §7.97 a. No Element Involving Sex
- §7.98 b. No Element of Abuse
- §7.99 c. No Proof of Age
- §7.100 36. Solicitation
- §7.101 37. Statutory Rape
- §7.102 38. Tax Evasion
- §7.103 39. Theft
- §7.104 40. Vehicles With ID Numbers Removed - Trafficking
- §7.105 III. Crime of Moral Turpitude Safe Havens
- §7.106 A. Safe Havens for Both Deportation Grounds
- §7.107 B. Non-Substantive Offense Safe Havens
- §7.108 C. Regulatory Offenses
- §7.109 D. Safe Intents
- §7.110 1. Intent Required
- §7.111 2. Safe Levels of Intent
- §7.112 a. Strict Liability (i.e., No Criminal Intent)
- §7.113 b. General Intent (to Commit an Act)
- §7.114 c. Intent to Break the Law
- §7.115 d. Negligence
- §7.116 e. Gross Negligence
- §7.117 f. Recklessness
- §7.118 g. Willfulness/Knowledge
- §7.119 h. Other Safe Intents
- §7.120 i. Intent to Commit a Non-CMT
- §7.121 ii. Intent To Temporarily Deprive
- §7.122 iii. Malice
- §7.123 3. Differing Definitions of Common Levels of Intent
- §7.124 E. Other Safe Havens
- §7.125 F. Deportation Resulting from 1 Conviction
- §7.126 1. Elements of Ground of Deportation
- §7.127 2. Sentence Requirement
- §7.128 a. Maximum Sentence Under 1 Year
- §7.129 b. Former Versions
- §7.130 3. Not Committed Within 5 (or 10) Years of Admission
- §7.131 G. Deportability Resulting From 2 or More CMT Convictions
- §7.132 1. Elements of the Deportation Ground
- §7.133 2. Single Scheme Exception
- §7.134 3. Effect of Previous Grant of Relief
- §7.135 4. Attempt and Conspiracy
- §7.136 IV. Other Criminal Grounds
- §7.137 A. Controlled Substances Abuser or Addict
- §7.138 B. Controlled Substances Conviction
- §7.139 1. Elements of the Deportation Ground
- §7.140 2. General Safe Havens
- §7.141 3. Offense is Not a Substantive Offense, Attempt or Conspiracy
- §7.142 4. Offense Is Not Relating To a Controlled Substance
- §7.143 5. Drug is Not A Federally Listed Controlled Substance
- §7.144 6. Personal Possession of 30 Grams of Marijuana
- §7.145 7. Effective Rehabilitative Relief
- §7.146 8. Other Safe Havens
- §7.147 C. Domestic Violence Conviction Safe Havens
- §7.148 1. Elements of Deportation Ground
- §7.149 2. General Safe Havens
- §7.150 3. Offense is Not a Listed Substantive Offense
- §7.151 4. Non-Substantive Offenses
- §7.152 5. Conviction After Effective Date
- §7.153 6. Crime of Violence Safe Havens
- §7.154 a. Not a Listed Victim
- §7.155 b. Not a Crime Against the Person
- §7.156 7. Stalking
- §7.157 8. Child Abuse, Neglect or Abandonment
- §7.158 D. Domestic Violence Protection Order Violation Court Finding
- §7.159 1. Elements of Deportation Ground
- §7.160 2. Not Enjoined
- §7.161 3. Not a Court Finding
- §7.162 4. Finding by Wrong Court
- §7.163 5. Finding Not After Admission
- §7.164 6. Violation Not After Effective Date
- §7.165 7. Violation of Wrong Portion of Protection Order
- §7.166 E. Export Violation Conduct
- §7.167 F. Firearms or Destructive Device Conviction
- §7.168 1. Elements of Deportation Ground
- §7.169 2. General Safe Havens
- §7.170 3. Offense is Not a Listed Offense
- §7.171 4. Weapon is Not a Firearm or Destructive Device
- §7.172 a. Unidentified or Unlisted Weapon
- §7.173 b. Antique Firearm Exception
- §7.174 c. Ammunition Offenses
- §7.175 5. Sporting or Cultural Use Exception
- §7.176 6. Non-Substantive Offenses
- §7.177 a. In General
- §7.178 b. Attempt or Conspiracy
- §7.179 7. Other Safe Havens
- §7.179A G. Sex Offender Registration Violation
- §7.180 V. Immigration Grounds
- §7.181 A. Border Crossing Conviction
- §7.182 B. Failure to File Change of Address Conduct
- §7.183 C. False Claim to U.S. Citizenship Conduct
- §7.184 D. Fraud — Document Fraud Administrative Finding
- §7.185 E. Fraud — Marriage Fraud Conduct
- §7.186 F. Fraud — Registration Document Fraud Conviction
- §7.187 G. Fraud — Visa Fraud Conviction
- §7.188 H. High Speed Flight From Immigration Checkpoint Conviction
- §7.189 I. Public Charge Conduct
- §7.190 J. Smuggling — Alien Smuggling Conduct
- §7.191 K. Smuggling — Importation for Immoral Purpose Conviction
- §7.192 L. Unlawful Voting Conduct
- §7.193 VI. Immigration Status Violation Grounds
- §7.194 A. Conditional Permanent Residence Termination Conduct
- §7.195 B. Health Entry Conditions Violation Conduct
- §7.196 C. Inadmissibility at Adjustment of Status Conduct
- §7.197 D. Inadmissibility at Entry Conduct
- §7.198 E. Nonimmigrant Status Violation Conduct
- §7.199 F. Present in the United States in Violation of Law Conduct
- §7.200 G. Visa Revocation Conduct
- §7.201 VII. Security Grounds
- §7.202 A. Enemy Citizens During Wartime Conduct
- §7.203 B. Espionage Conduct
- §7.204 C. Espionage Conviction
- §7.205 D. Extrajudicial Killing Conduct
- §7.206 E. Foreign Agent Registration Act Conviction
- §7.207 F. Foreign Espionage Trainee Registration Conviction
- §7.208 G. Foreign Policy Conduct
- §7.209 H. Genocide Conduct
- §7.210 I. National Security Violation Conduct
- §7.211 J. Nazi Persecutors Conduct
- §7.212 K. Neutrality Law Conviction
- §7.213 L. Overthrow of the Government Conduct
- §7.214 M. Public Safety Conduct
- §7.215 N. Religious Freedom Violation Conduct
- §7.216 O. Sabotage Conduct
- §7.217 P. Sabotage Conviction
- §7.218 Q. Selective Service Conviction
- §7.219 R. Terrorist Conduct
- §7.220 S. Terrorist Training Recipient Conduct
- §7.221 T. Threats Against the President and Successors Conviction
- §7.222 U. Torture Conduct
- §7.223 V. Trading With the Enemy Conviction
- §7.224 W. Treason or Sedition Conviction
§ 7.107 (C)
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(C) Misprision of a Felony. The common-law crime of misprision of a felony has been held not to be a crime of moral turpitude.[944] Two circuit courts, and the BIA, in an unpublished decision, have held that the federal crime of misprision of a felony is a crime of moral turpitude.[945] In Itani v. Ashcroft,[946] the Eleventh Circuit “conclude[d] that misprision of a felony is a crime of moral turpitude because it necessarily involves an affirmative act of concealment or participation in a felony, behavior that runs contrary to accepted societal duties and involves dishonest or fraudulent activity.” This statement is inaccurate. Misprision of a felony does not necessarily involve any dishonest or fraudulent activity. For example, opening a door to allow a fleeing felon sanctuary would constitute misprision, but is not dishonest or fraudulent activity. The sanctuary movement’s very public support for some who committed offenses for political reasons is another example. Moreover, many underlying felonies are not dishonest, or fraudulent, and do not involve moral turpitude. Aiding a felon who is not guilty of a CMT should not be held to involve moral turpitude, any more than conspiracy to commit a non-CMT is held to be a CMT. See § 7.120, infra.
Misprision of a felony also does not constitute a crime relating to a controlled substance.[947]
[944] Matter of SC, 3 I. & N. Dec. 350 (BIA 1949).
[945] Smalley v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 332 (5th Cir. Dec. 15, 2003) (in dictum; Fifth Circuit [mis]cited Matter of Sloane, 12 I. & N. Dec. 840 (harboring a convicted murderer), as holding misprision of a felony was a CMT); Itani v. Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 1213 (11th Cir. April 22, 2002) (conviction for misprision of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 4, constitutes a crime of moral turpitude for purposes of triggering deportation); Matter of Giraldo-Valencia, A36 520 954 (unpubl. BIA Index Dec., Oct. 22, 1992) (making a weak distinction between the crime of common law misprision that the BIA in Matter of SC held did not involve moral turpitude and statutory misprision under 18 U.S.C. § 4).
[946] Itani v. Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 1213, 1216 (11th Cir. April 22, 2002).
[947] Matter of Velasco, 16 I. & N. Dec. 281 (BIA 1977).
