Noncitizens may be unaware of how the U.S. legal system operates, and may thus need to learn basic information and to receive assurances that their counsel are dedicated to serving their interests, and will not betray them to the immigration authorities, the police, or the courts.  Counsel should take pains to convince the client that counsel will protect the client’s confidences, and will not reveal information without the client’s consent.  It may be more difficult than usual to establish the trust necessary to allow the client to be completely open, and thus reveal all necessary information to the attorney.

Other

BIBLIOGRAPHY
L. FRIEDMAN RAMIREZ, ED., CULTURAL ISSUES IN CRIMINAL DEFENSE (2d ed. 2007).

CRIMINAL DEFENSE - INVESTIGATION
A. Renteln, Raising Cultural Defenses, in L. FRIEDMAN RAMIREZ, ED., CULTURAL ISSUES IN CRIMINAL DEFENSE 423 (2d ed. 2007).

CRIMINAL DEFENSE - INVESTIGATION
J. Connell, Using Cultural Experts, in L. FRIEDMAN RAMIREZ, ED., CULTURAL ISSUES IN CRIMINAL DEFENSE 467 (2d ed. 2007).