Criminal Defense of Immigrants
- §10.1 I. Introduction
- §10.2 II. Roles of Court and Counsel
- §10.3 III. Goals of Sentencing
- §10.4 A. Criminal Goals of Sentence
- §10.5 B. Immigration-Related Goals of Sentence
- §10.6 C. Balancing Immigration with Criminal Goals
- §10.7 D. Relationship to Plea Bargaining
- §10.8 IV. Preparation
- §10.9 A. Avoiding Damaging Admissions
- §10.10 B. Defense Sentencing Materials
- §10.11 C. Probation Interview
- §10.12 D. Preparing for Allocution
- §10.13 V. Sentence Hearing
- §10.14 A. Specific Tactics
- §10.15 1. Tactics to Avoid Conviction
- §10.16 2. Avoiding Service of Sentence
- §10.17 3. Neutralizing Probation Report as Part of Record
- §10.18 4. Tactics to Avoid Sentence Imposed
- §10.19 5. Tactics to Minimize Maximum Sentence
- §10.20 6. Tactics to Minimize Restitution Order
- §10.21 7. Tactics to Minimize Level of Offense
- §10.22 8. Qualifying Client for Post-Conviction Relief
- §10.23 B. Arguments in Mitigation
- §10.24 1. Prosecution Policy Not To Favor Immigrants
- §10.25 2. Judicial Policy to Consider Collateral Impact of Sentence
- §10.26 3. Equities
- §10.27 4. Immigration Status or Hold
- §10.28 5. Cultural Mitigation Issues
- §10.29 6. Persecution and Torture of Client if Deported
- §10.30 7. Other Arguments
- §10.31 C. Federal Sentencing Issues
- §10.32 D. State Sentencing Issues
- §10.33 E. Evidentiary Hearing
- §10.34 VI. Post-Conviction Relief at Sentencing
- §10.35 A. Current Case
- §10.36 B. Prior Convictions
- §10.37 VII. Special Immigration-Related Proceedings
- §10.38 A. Special Proceedings At Sentence
- §10.39 1. Former Judicial Recommendation Against Deportation
- §10.40 2. Judicial Deportation Proceedings at Federal Sentence
- §10.41 B. Special Proceedings After Sentence
- §10.42 1. Early Release to Removal
- §10.43 2. Prisoner Transfer Treaties
- §10.44 VIII. Probation Violation Proceedings
- §10.45 A. Immigration Effects
- §10.46 1. Probation Violations and Convictions
- §10.47 2. Avoiding Damaging Admissions
- §10.48 3. Probation Violation Sentences
- §10.49 B. Negotiating Probation Violations
- §10.50 IX. Concluding the Representation
- §10.51 A. Saying Goodbye
- §10.52 B. Documenting the Disposition
- §10.53 C. Immigration Advice
- §10.54 X. Effect of Sentence on Nature of Offense
- §10.55 A. Sentence As Part of "Record of Conviction"
- §10.56 B. Sentence Enhancements
- §10.57 1. Effects of Sentence Enhancements
- §10.58 2. Recidivist Enhancements
- §10.59 3. Firearm Enhancements
- §10.60 4. Other Conduct-Based Enhancements
- §10.61 C. Finality
- §10.62 XI. Immigration Consequences of Sentence
- §10.63 A. "Sentence Imposed"
- §10.64 B. Type of Confinement
- §10.65 C. Sentence Ordered by the Court
- §10.66 1. Aggravated Felonies
- §10.67 2. Crime of Moral Turpitude
- §10.68 3. Mandatory Detention
- §10.69 4. Petty Offense Exception to Inadmissibility
- §10.70 D. Aggregate Sentences Imposed
- §10.71 1. Multiple Conviction Ground of Inadmissibility
- §10.72 2. Withholding of Deportation (Restriction on Removal)
- §10.73 E. Actual Confinement
- §10.74 1. Good Moral Character 180-Day Bar
- §10.75 2. INA §212(c) Waiver 5-Year Bar
- §10.76 F. Maximum Potential Confinement
- §10.77 1. Definition
- §10.78 2. Aggravated Felonies
- §10.79 3. Crime of Moral Turpitude Deportation Ground
- §10.80 4. Petty Offense Exception to Inadmissibility
- §10.81 G. Probation or Parole
- §10.82 H. Restitution Orders and Loss to the Victim(s)
- §10.83 1. Fraud Offenses
- §10.84 2. Tax Evasion Offenses
- §10.85 3. Money Laundering Offenses
- §10.86 I. Level of Offense
- §10.87 1. Felony Conviction
- §10.88 2. Immigration Consequences
- §10.89 a. Aggravated Felonies Drug Trafficking
- §10.90 b. Aggravated Felony Crimes of Violence Under 18 U.S.C. 16(b)
- §10.91 c. Disqualification from Relief
- §10.92 3. Misdemeanor Conviction
- §10.93 4. Very Minor Offenses
- §10.94 J. Immigration Holds and Detention
§ 10.17 (A)
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(A) In General. The probation report is generally not considered to be part of the record of conviction, for purposes of determining the nature of the offense of conviction to identify its immigration consequences. See § 16.32, infra. In some courts, however, the judge will sometimes incorporate the facts contained in the presentence report into the judgment of the court, which may then constitute part of the record of conviction. See § 16.29, infra. Because the presentence report will often contain facts that might bring an otherwise non-deportable conviction within a ground of deportation, counsel should be alert to the importance of defending against the possibility that the PSR will be considered to be part of the record of conviction.