(B)  Alternatives to Detention.  The ICE Office of Detention and Removal outlined a number of alternatives to detention based on limited bed space and the success of its National Fugitive Operations Program, including release on an order of recognizance (ROR), release on bond, release using electronic monitoring devices (EMD), and the Intensive Supervision Appearance Program (ISAP).[1]

 

                (1)  Release on an Order of Recognizance (ROR).  A noncitizen in immigration proceedings may be released from detention under certain restrictions, including regular reporting to Office of Detention and Removal officers and appearing at all immigration court proceedings.  ROR is usually used when a noncitizen does not have sufficient funds to post bond but does not pose a threat to the community or national security.  If s/he fails to appear for the hearing, s/he will be ordered deported in absentia and will be subject to mandatory detention when apprehended.

 

                (2)  An Appearance Bond.  An Appearance Bond is more restrictive than ROR.  The noncitizen posts a bond of not less than $1,500 dollars, which is forfeited if s/he fails to appear in court as required, or fails to meet any other ICE condition.

 

                (3)  Electronic Monitoring Devices (EMD).  This is a new program to ensure appearance at court and to comply with removal orders, under which noncitizens awaiting hearings or removal wear either a monitoring ankle bracelet or report by telephone to a case manager.

 

                (4)  Intensive Supervision Appearance Program (ISAP).  This pilot program is only available to persons not subject to mandatory detention, who have pending immigration court hearings or who await removal from the United States, who are residing within the managed area, and who are not deemed a threat by DHS.  This is a voluntary program, and all participants must agree to comply with the conditions of their release.  Case specialists are then assigned a limited caseload of participants and are responsible for monitoring them in the community by using tools such as electronic monitoring (bracelets), home visits, work visits, and reporting by telephone.  Case specialists also assist participants in obtaining pro bono counsel for their hearings and in receiving other types of assistance.

[226] See Detention and Removal Operations: Alternatives to Detention, http://www.ice.gov, Fact Sheet (July 14, 2004).

DETENTION - ALTERNATIVES
ICE Fact Sheet: Alternatives to Detention for ICE Detainees, Oct. 23, 2009. http://www.ice.gov/pi/news/factsheets/alternativestodetention.htm

Ninth Circuit

DETENTION " BURDEN OF PROOF
Singh v. Holder, ___ F.3d ___, 2011 WL 1226379 (9th Cir. March 31, 2011) (government bears burden of persuasion by clear and convincing evidence that respondent is a flight risk or danger to the community, and thus that continued prolonged detention pending removal is justified); following Matter of Guerra, 24 I. & N. Dec. 37, 40 (BIA 2006) (identifying nine relevant factors to evaluate in determining flight risk and danger to the community)

DETENTION " IMMIGRATION COURT MUST MAKE CONTEMPORANEOUS RECORD OF BOND HEARING
Singh v. Holder, ___ F.3d ___, 2011 WL 1226379 (9th Cir. March 31, 2011) (immigration court must make contemporaneous record of Casas bond hearings in removal proceedings for individuals in prolonged detention pending a final decision on removal; a memorandum decision drafted after the bond hearing is not an adequate functional equivalent of a transcript); citing Casas-Castrillon v. DHS, 535 F.3d 942 (9th Cir. 2008) (noncitizens facing prolonged detention while petitions for review of removal orders are pending are entitled to a bond hearing before a neutral immigration judge). Note: Counsel may wish to argue that the Singh rationale also requires the same procedures be used to protect the interest in freedom from ordinary immigration detention, that it held applicable to protect the interest in freedom from prolonged detention.

DETENTION - HABEAS CORPUS - CLASS ACTION
Rodriguez v. Hayes, 578 F.3d 1032 (9th Cir. Aug. 20, 2009) (allowing class action to proceed challenging detention of more than six months without bond hearing while in immigration proceedings).

Other

DETENTION
AILF Practice Advisory: ARREST, DETENTION AND BOND PROCEDURES FOR NON-CITIZENS WITHOUT CRIMINAL CONVICTIONS "This practice advisory focuses on the law governing the arrest, detention and bond procedures for non-citizens who 1) are present in the United States and 2) do not have criminal convictions." July 2008, AILF. Copyright (c) 2002, 2008 American Immigration Law Foundation. HYPERLINK "http://www.ailf.org/lac/pa/lac_pa_011303.pdf" http://www.ailf.org/lac/pa/lac_pa_011303.pdf

DETENTION " MANDATORY DETENTION " PROLONGED DETENTION
ACLU Practice Advisory, Prolonged Mandatory Detention and Bond Eligibility: Diop v. ICE/Homeland Security on the Third Circuits decision in September 2011 on prolonged mandatory immigration detention, Diop v. ICE/Homeland Security, 656 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2011). http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/diop_advisory_final.pdf This practice advisory discusses how certain detainees can use Diop vs. ICE, 656 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2011) to obtain bond hearings. Notably, although the Court held that reasonableness is a function of the length of the detention, id. at 232, it declined to adopt a presumptive period of time at which mandatory detention becomes unreasonably prolonged. Instead, the Court held that [r]easonableness . . . is a fact-dependent inquiry requiring an assessment of all of the circumstances of any given case. Id. at 234. Nonetheless, the Court recognized that reasonableness is largely a function of time, and that the more mandatory detention exceeds the periods contemplated by the Supreme Court in Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 510 (2003)"45 days to complete removal proceedings before the immigration judge (IJ), and five months for those who appeal their cases to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)"the constitutionality of detention without a bond hearing becomes increasingly suspect. Id. Thus, your clients right to a bond hearing will turn on showing that detention has become unreasonable in his or her case, with a significant"but not sole"factor being the length of detention. Thanks to Michael Tan.

DETENTION " IMMIGRATION DETENTION
ICE has authority to detain persons during the removal period (90 days following the order of removal). INA 241(a)(1). The individual, however, is not subject to mandatory detention unless the applicant was removed on criminal grounds, under INA 212(a)(2), or security grounds, under INA 212(a)(3)(B), or 237(a)(4)(B). Under 8 C.F.R. 241.8(d), ICE officers are supposed to immediately refer those who express fear of returning to an asylum officer for a reasonable fear interview. But even where the order of removal is reinstated, there is nothing in the regulations to prevent ICE from allowing release on an Order of Supervision. See 8 C.F.R. 241.4 and 241.5.