Light, et al., Citizenship and Punishment: The Salience of National Membership in U.S. Criminal Courts, American Sociological Review 2014 79: 825, 835 (Compared to U.S. citizens, noncitizen offenders are over four times more likely to be incarcerated, and this effect is larger than the effects for race, ethnicity, gender, age, education, being convicted at trial, and any of the offense types.) (emphasis in original).
http://asr.sagepub.com/content/79/5/825