United States v. Karaouni, 379 F.3d 1139 (9th Cir. Aug. 24, 2004) ("A defendant may not be convicted on the basis of an admission that he committed a crime, when the actions that he believed to be unlawful did not, in fact, violate any statute. Torcia, 1 Wharton's Criminal Law 79 (15th ed., 1993) ("It is fundamental that conduct which is not penally prohibited does not become criminal simply because the actor believed his conduct constituted a crime.").")